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Published ahead of print 20 June 2012, doi: 10.1128/JVI.00887-12
Analysis by single gene reassortment demonstrates that the 1918 influenza virus is functionally compatible with a low pathogenicity avian influenza virus in mice.
Li Qi,
A. Sally Davis,
Brett W. Jagger,
Louis M. Schwartzman,
Eleca J. Dunham,
John C. Kash and
Jeffery K. Taubenberger#
Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
ABSTRACT
The 1918-1919 ?Spanish? influenza pandemic is estimated to have caused 50 million deaths worldwide. Understanding the origin, virulence, and pathogenic properties of past pandemic influenza viruses, including the 1918 virus, is crucial for current public health preparedness and future pandemic planning. The origin of the 1918 pandemic virus has not been resolved but its coding sequences are very avian influenza-like. The proteins encoded by the 1918 virus differ from typical low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses at only a small number of amino acids in each open reading frame. In this study, a series of chimeric 1918 influenza viruses were created in which each of the eight 1918 gene segments was replaced individually with the corresponding gene segment of a prototypical low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H1N1 virus in order to investigate functional compatibility of the 1918 virus genome with gene segments from an LPAI virus and to identify gene segments and mutations important for mammalian adaptation. This set of eight ?7:1? chimeric viruses was compared to the parental 1918 and LPAI H1N1 viruses in intransally infected mice. Seven of the 1918:LPAI 7:1 chimeric viruses replicated and caused disease equivalent to the fully reconstructed 1918 virus. Only the chimeric 1918 virus containing the avian influenza PB2 gene segment was attenuated in mice. This attenuation could be corrected by the single E627K amino acid change, further confirming the importance of this change in mammalian adaptation and mouse pathogenicity. While the mechanisms of influenza virus host switch, and particularly mammalian host adaptation are still only partly understood, these data suggest that the 1918 virus, whatever its origin, is very avian-influenza like.
Analysis by single gene reassortment demonstrates that the 1918 influenza virus is functionally compatible with a low pathogenicity avian influenza virus in mice.
Li Qi,
A. Sally Davis,
Brett W. Jagger,
Louis M. Schwartzman,
Eleca J. Dunham,
John C. Kash and
Jeffery K. Taubenberger#
Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
ABSTRACT
The 1918-1919 ?Spanish? influenza pandemic is estimated to have caused 50 million deaths worldwide. Understanding the origin, virulence, and pathogenic properties of past pandemic influenza viruses, including the 1918 virus, is crucial for current public health preparedness and future pandemic planning. The origin of the 1918 pandemic virus has not been resolved but its coding sequences are very avian influenza-like. The proteins encoded by the 1918 virus differ from typical low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses at only a small number of amino acids in each open reading frame. In this study, a series of chimeric 1918 influenza viruses were created in which each of the eight 1918 gene segments was replaced individually with the corresponding gene segment of a prototypical low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H1N1 virus in order to investigate functional compatibility of the 1918 virus genome with gene segments from an LPAI virus and to identify gene segments and mutations important for mammalian adaptation. This set of eight ?7:1? chimeric viruses was compared to the parental 1918 and LPAI H1N1 viruses in intransally infected mice. Seven of the 1918:LPAI 7:1 chimeric viruses replicated and caused disease equivalent to the fully reconstructed 1918 virus. Only the chimeric 1918 virus containing the avian influenza PB2 gene segment was attenuated in mice. This attenuation could be corrected by the single E627K amino acid change, further confirming the importance of this change in mammalian adaptation and mouse pathogenicity. While the mechanisms of influenza virus host switch, and particularly mammalian host adaptation are still only partly understood, these data suggest that the 1918 virus, whatever its origin, is very avian-influenza like.
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