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  • West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine (Endemic Declared Country)

    OIE, IMMEDIATE NOTIFICATION REPORT, WEST NILE FEVER, ITALY

    [In this post: (1) OIE, Immediate Notification Report, West Nile Virus in Italy. See original texts at the source site. EDITED.]
    ----------
    -

    (1) [OIE, UPDATES, WEST NILE FEVER, EQUINE, ITALY] West Nile Fever

    Information received on 12/09/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

    ? Summary

    Report type Immediate notification
    Start date 08/09/2008
    Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
    Report date 12/09/2008
    Date submitted to OIE 18/09/2008
    Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
    Date of previous occurrence 1998
    Causal agent West Nile virus
    Nature of diagnosis Laboratory (advanced)
    This event pertains to a defined zone within the country

    ? New outbreaks

    Summary of outbreaks Total outbreaks: 1

    * Outbreak Location and Affected population: EMILIA-ROMAGNA (FERRARA, LOC. FRANCOLINO, FERRARA)

    Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
    * Equidae - 3 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

    Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
    * Equidae - 33.33% - 0.00% - 0.00% - 0.00%

    * Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

    ? Epidemiology
    Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection Vectors

    ? Control measures
    Measures applied Control of wildlife reservoirs
    Screening
    Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
    No vaccination
    No treatment of affected animals

    Measures to be applied No other measures

    ? Diagnostic test results
    Laboratory name and type Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute (IZS), Teramo (National laboratory)
    Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
    * Equidae - real-time PCR - 12/09/2008 - Positive

    Laboratory name and type Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute (IZS), Brescia (Regional Reference Laboratory)
    Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
    * Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 08/09/2008 - Positive

    ? Future Reporting
    The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
    -

    ------

  • #2
    Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

    WEST NILE VIRUS - ITALY: (FERRARA)
    **********************************
    A ProMED-mail post
    <http://www.promedmail.org>
    ProMED-mail is a program of the
    International Society for Infectious Diseases
    <http://www.isid.org>

    Date: Tue 16 Sep 2008
    Source: Bologna 2000 [in Italian, machine translated, edited]
    <http://www.bologna2000.com/modules.p...icle&sid=81533>


    The Zooprophilactic Institute of Teramo, national reference center
    for exotic diseases, confirmed West Nile virus infection in horses of
    some stables located in the province of Ferrara. The Institute
    confirmed the presence of infection in wild birds from the same
    province, examined under the regional plan for wildlife monitoring.

    West Nile is an infectious disease [and this virus is] transmitted by
    mosquitoes, particularly the _Culex_ genus. The virus is maintained
    in the environment through the continuous passage between mosquitoes
    and wild birds, which can also cause a significant mortality, and can
    occasionally be transmitted to different animals and to humans.

    Typically in mammals the infection is asymptomatic, however, in
    horses clinical neurological symptoms can occur sometimes. West Nile
    virus is responsible for clinical disease in humans in a very small
    percentage of cases.

    Both in humans and horses, however, the duration and amount of virus
    in the blood are not sufficient to cause further infections [serve as
    sources of infectious blood meals for vector mosquitoes. - Mod.TY].
    Indeed humans, as well as horses are dead-end hosts and the mosquito
    can not in any way transmit the disease from person to person, from
    horse to horse, or from horse to person.

    In people, West Nile virus infection is very often asymptomatic (over
    80 percent of cases) or with mild nonspecific symptoms. In rare cases
    (less than 1 percent), especially in elderly or immunodeficient
    individuals, the most serious neurological (encephalitis or
    meningoencephalitis) disease may develop.

    Horses play an important role as an indicator of the presence of the
    virus in the territory, since they may show symptoms of infection.

    While continuing their investigations on the presence of the virus in
    Ferrara, the regional and local health centres, particularly those of
    Ferrara, have already put in place a systematic monitoring programme
    to further knowledge about the extent and scale of the phenomenon.

    The programme was defined in collaboration with the Experimental
    Zooprophilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, the Teramo
    Reference Center, and the Ministry of Health.

    The 1st measures given the local health centre relate to veterinary
    supervision of horses and wild birds and human surveillance,
    particularly of workers in the stables where there were horse cases,
    and all suspected cases of viral encephalitis or meningoencephalitis
    observed in the region.

    Laboratory tests are carried out by the regional reference centre for
    microbiological emergencies (CRREM), the Polyclinic S.
    Orsola-Malpighi of Bologna. To date, there have been no reported
    cases of human West Nile virus infection.

    In addition to surveillance measures, veterinary and human
    interventions are already programmed to monitor and fight the
    mosquito vector. _Culex_ mosquitoes are abundantly present in rural
    areas and have predominantly nocturnal habits.

    In particular, in areas affected by the ongoing [West Nile virus]
    phenomenon, in addition to what has already been implemented in
    recent months under the regional plan to combat the Asian tiger
    mosquito [_Aedes albopictus_] for the prevention of chikungunya and
    dengue fever [virus transmission], interventions are planned for this
    pest with adulticides during public events (festivals, fairs, and the
    like) that are taking place in open areas, especially outside the
    urban centres and in the presence of vegetation or in the vicinity of
    courses or collections of water.

    Entomological surveillance has been activated, providing for the
    capture of mosquito samples taken for analysis for the detection of
    the virus. Attention is called to the importance of adopting measures
    to protect individuals from mosquito bites; this is the most
    effective means to reduce the risk of contracting the virus.

    --
    Communicated by:
    ProMED-mail
    <promed@promedmail.org>

    West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks with equine morbidity and mortality
    sporadically occur in the Mediterranean Basin, so this outbreak is
    not surprising. ProMED-mail requests further information should
    additional cases occur and for the species of birds in which WNV has
    been found in the current outbreak in Ferrara.

    A map showing the location of Ferrara Province in Italy can be accessed at
    <http://www.pickatrail.com/jupiter/lo...y/ferrara.html>.
    - Mod.TY]

    [see also:
    West Nile virus - Spain (Badajoz): 1st case 200420070328.1066
    2004
    ----
    West Nile virus - Portugal (Algarve): alert 20040812.2228
    2003
    ----
    West Nile virus, human, equine - France: susp. 20031011.2559
    2001
    ----
    West Nile virus - France 20010830.2062
    West Nile virus, horses - France 20010113.0103
    2000
    ----
    West Nile virus, horses - France (04) 20001012.1743
    West Nile virus, horses - France (03) 20000915.1585
    West Nile virus, horses - France (02) 20000914.1572
    West Nile virus, horses - France 20000912.1561]


    ...................................ty/mj/dk

    -

    ------
    </pre>

    Comment


    • #3
      Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

      [One suspected human case; laboratory tests undergoing.]

      WEST NILE FEVER, HORSES, ITALY [RSOE EDIS]
      WEST NILE FEVER IN HORSES, ITALY

      Situation Update No. 1

      On 26.09.2008 at 05:19 GMT+2

      There have been 6 confirmed and 5 suspected cases of West Nile virus infection in horses reported in the vicinity of Ferrara in Italy.


      To verify the diffusion of viral circulation and to prevent the spread of disease, the regional authorities of Emilia-Romagna adopted a special plan of West Nile fever surveillance.

      As of 22 Sep 2008, 12 horses with neurological symptoms indicating the possibility of West Nile virus infection have been reported.

      The notifications were made in accordance with the already existing national surveillance of West Nile disease.

      In 6 of these cases, the diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory analysis performed at the national reference centre (Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie Esotiche - CESME); for 5, the initial ELISA test was positive, but the confirmation is still pending, and one tested negative.

      The infected horses belong to 8 different stables, 7 in the province of Ferrara and one in the province of Bologna at the border with Ferrara.

      There are about 220 horses kept in these stables, and all are to be tested for West Nile virus infection.

      The blood sampling and laboratory testing is currently ongoing. West Nile virus has also been recently detected in wild birds in the area.

      Although no anomalous mortality has been signaled, surveillance of wild birds conducted between 19 Aug-14 Sep [2008] in the framework of a general monitoring of the regional wild fauna resulted in detection of West Nile virus in 6 crows and 7 magpies [presumably European crows (Corvus corone) and European magpies. all from the province of Ferrara.

      To date, there have been no human cases of West Nile fever reported in Italy.

      Active surveillance of cases of meningoencephalitis (with clear cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) was started on 16 Sep [2008] and is ongoing.

      So far, one suspected case was notified in a patient resident in the province of Bologna near the border with Ferrara. However, the results of laboratory analysis are still pending.
      --
      <cite cite="http://hisz.rsoe.hu/alertmap/woalert_read.php?cid=18569&lang=eng">RSOE EDIS</cite>

      Comment


      • #4
        Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

        WEST NILE VIRUS - ITALY (02): (FERRARA)
        *************************************
        A ProMED-mail post
        <http://www.promedmail.org>
        ProMED-mail is a program of the
        International Society for Infectious Diseases
        <http://www.isid.org>

        Date: 25 Sep 2008
        Source: Eurosurveillance V13 (No 39) Rapid Communications [edited]
        <http://www.eurosurveillance.org/View...rticleId=18990>


        There have been 6 confirmed and 5 suspected cases of West Nile virus
        infection in horses reported in the vicinity of Ferrara in Italy. To
        verify the diffusion of viral circulation and to prevent the spread
        of disease, the regional authorities of Emilia-Romagna adopted a
        special plan of West Nile fever surveillance.

        Detection of cases
        As of 22 Sep 2008, 12 horses with neurological symptoms indicating
        the possibility of West Nile virus infection have been reported. The
        notifications were made in accordance with the already existing
        national surveillance of West Nile disease. In 6 of these cases, the
        diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory analysis performed at the
        national reference centre (Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le
        Malattie Esotiche - CESME); for 5, the initial ELISA test was
        positive, but the confirmation is still pending, and one tested
        negative. The infected horses belong to 8 different stables, 7 in the
        province of Ferrara and one in the province of Bologna at the border
        with Ferrara. There are about 220 horses kept in these stables, and
        all are to be tested for West Nile virus infection. The blood
        sampling and laboratory testing is currently ongoing.

        West Nile virus has also been recently detected in wild birds in the
        area. Although no anomalous mortality has been signaled, surveillance
        of wild birds conducted between 19 Aug-14 Sep [2008] in the framework
        of a general monitoring of the regional wild fauna resulted in
        detection of West Nile virus in 6 crows and 7 magpies [presumably
        European crows (_Corvus corone_) and European magpies (_Pica pica_).
        - Mod.TY] all from the province of Ferrara.

        To date, there have been no human cases of West Nile fever reported
        in Italy. Active surveillance of cases of meningoencephalitis (with
        clear cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) was started on 16 Sep [2008] and is
        ongoing. So far, one suspected case was notified in a patient
        resident in the province of Bologna near the border with Ferrara.
        However, the results of laboratory analysis are still pending.

        Control measures
        The public health authorities in Emilia-Romagna are closely
        monitoring the situation and adapting the action plan to the evolving
        epidemiological situation. Currently, the following measures are in
        place or planned:

        Veterinary surveillance
        The veterinary surveillance which started on 15 Sep [2008] comprises
        passive surveillance (until 31 Oct 2008) and active surveillance
        (until 31 Dec [2008]) of cases of West Nile fever in horses. It is
        also foreseen that samples collected from cattle in the region as
        part of sentinel surveillance for bluetongue disease will be tested
        for West Nile virus. Furthermore, a national plan for surveillance of
        wild birds (other than corvids) is under preparation.

        Human surveillance
        The surveillance of human cases ongoing since 15 Sep [2008] includes
        rapid detection and reporting of cases with neurological symptoms
        compatible with West Nile disease (until 31 Oct [2008]), as well as
        active surveillance among employees of stables where cases of
        infection in horses have occurred, promoting the awareness on this
        disease, preventive measures, and early detection of West Nile fever.

        The case definition used includes patients older than or equal to 15
        years old with fever greater than or equal to 38.5 C and neurological
        symptoms: encephalitis, meningitis or Guillain-Barre syndrome or
        acute flaccid paralysis. Cases are classified as:
        a) possible: clinical symptoms and clear CSF;
        b) probable: clinical symptoms and at least one of the following
        laboratory criteria: presence of IgM antibodies against West Nile by
        ELISA; seroconversion by ELISA; 4-fold increase of IgG antibodies
        against West Nile in 2 consecutive (greater than 5 days, preferably
        15-20 days) samplings by ELISA;
        c) confirmed: clinical symptoms and at least one of the following
        laboratory criteria: isolation of West Nile virus in blood or CSF;
        presence of IgM antibodies in CSF (by ELISA); detection of nucleic
        acid specific for West Nile virus by RT PCR in blood or CSF;
        detection of increased levels of IgM and IgG antibodies against West
        Nile by ELISA confirmed by neutralization testing.

        At the moment, considering the surveillance measures adopted as well
        as the example of other countries, especially France [1], the Italian
        authorities decided not to introduce any restrictions on blood
        donations. However, the situation is monitored closely, and, should a
        human case be confirmed, this decision will be reconsidered.

        Vector surveillance and control
        In addition to surveillance, vector control measures are being
        implemented in the area affected, i.e. the province of Ferrara and
        the border zones of the provinces of Ravenna, Bologna and Modena. In
        these areas, samples of mosquitoes (_Culex_ spp. and _Aedes_ spp.)
        are being collected; 10 000 catchments divided into pools are going
        to be analysed (by PCR). In addition to larvicide disinfestations in
        every potential breeding site, adulticides interventions are planned
        to be undertaken in every urban area and on the occasion of open-air
        public gatherings, e.g. fairs and festivals, especially held outside
        the urban centres and in the vicinity of water reservoirs.

        Conclusion
        This event illustrates the necessity of a coordinated strategy plan
        combining surveillance in domestic animals, wild fauna and in humans
        for assessing the magnitude of the outbreak and for an efficient management.

        References
        1. Zeller H, Zientara S, Hars J. West Nile outbreak in horses in
        Southern France: September 2004. Euro Surveill. 2004;8(41):pii=2564.
        Available online:
        <http://www.eurosurveillance.org/View...ArticleId=2564>.

        Citation for the above article: Macini P, Squintani G, Finarelli AC,
        Angelini P, Martini E, Tamba M, Dottori M, Bellini R, Santi A, Loli
        Piccolomini L, Po C. Detection of West Nile virus infection in
        horses, Italy, September 2008. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(39):pii=18990.
        Available online:
        <http://www.eurosurveillance.org/View...rticleId=18990>.

        --
        Communicated by:
        ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>

        [This report provides the specific information concerning this West
        Nile virus (WNV) outbreak requested in the ProMED posting given
        below. It underscores the need for comprehensive approaches by
        interdisciplinary teams. Interestingly, _Aedes_ mosquitoes are being
        collected and tested. Central Italy suffered an outbreak of
        chikungunya virus infections transmitted by the Asian tiger mosquito,
        _Ae. albopictus_. It will be interesting to see whether _Ae.
        albopictus_ becomes implicated as a WNV vector in this outbreak.
        ProMED Rapporteur Joseph Dudley provided the following comment
        regarding this mosquito and West Nile virus transmission: "_Aedes
        albopictus_ has been isolated from mosquitoes in the field in North
        America (Holick et al 2002, CDC 2006), and shown experimentally to be
        a competent vector of West Nile virus" (Sardelis et al 2002,
        Tiawsirisup et al. 2005, Chu et al 2005).

        Although this species is not considered a principal vector of WNV
        transmission, vertical transmission of WNV has been demonstrated in
        this species (Baqar et al 1993).

        References:

        Michael R. Sardelis, Michael J. Turell, Monica L. O'Guinn, Richard G.
        Andre, And Donald R. Roberts. 2002. Vector Competence Of Three North
        American Strains Of Aedes Albopictus For West Nile Virus. Journal of
        the American Mosquito Control Association 18: 284-289 (December 2002)
        <http://apt.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1043%2F8756-971X(2002)018[0284%3AVCOTNA]2.3.CO%3B2&ct=1>.

        Shahida Baqar, Curtis G. Hayes, James R. Murphy and Douglas M. Watts.
        1993. Vertical Transmission of West Nile Virus by Culex and Aedes
        Species Mosquitoes. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 48(6), 1993, pp. 757-762
        <http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/48/6/757>.

        Sonthaya Tiawsirisup, Kenneth B. Platt, Richard B. Evans, Wayne A.
        Rowley. 2005. A Comparison of West Nile Virus Transmission by
        Ochlerotatus trivittatus (COQ.), Culex pipiens (L.), and Aedes
        albopictus (Skuse) Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 5(1): 40-47
        <http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs...Fvbz.2005.5.40>.

        John Holick, Andrew Kyle, William Ferraro, Raymond R. Delaney, And
        Marta Iwaseczko. 2002. Scientific Note: Discovery Of Aedes Albopictus
        Infected With West Nile Virus In Southeastern Pennsylvania. Journal
        of the American Mosquito Control Association 18: 131-131 (June 2002)
        <http://apt.allenpress.com/perlserv/?...e=02&page=0131>.

        J J H Chu, P W H Leong, M L Ng 2005. Characterization of plasma
        membrane-associated proteins from Aedes albopictus mosquito (C6/36)
        cells that mediate West Nile virus binding and infection. Virology.
        2005 Sep 1;339 (2):249-60.

        CDC 2006. Mosquito Species producing WNV positives by year 2002-2006
        <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/west...itospecies.htm>.

        A map showing the location of Ferrara province and vicinity in Italy
        can be accessed at
        <http://www.pickatrail.com/jupiter/lo...y/ferrara.html>.

        - Mod.TY]

        [see also:
        West Nile virus - Italy: (FE) 20080919.2933]
        ..........................................mpp/ty/msp/mpp
        -

        ------

        </pre>

        Comment


        • #5
          Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

          Detection of West Nile virus infection in horses, Italy, September 2008 [Eurosurveillance]
          Eurosurveillance, Volume 13, Issue 39, 25 September 2008 - Rapid communications

          Detection of West Nile virus infection in horses, Italy, September 2008

          P Macini1, G Squintani2, A. C. Finarelli ()1, P Angelini1, E Martini2, M Tamba3, M Dottori3, R Bellini4, A Santi2, L Loli Piccolomini2, C Po1 - 1. Servizio di Sanit? Pubblica, Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy 2. Servizio Veterinario e igiene degli alimenti, Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy 3. Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Lombardia e dell?Emilia-Romagna, Italy 4. Centro Agricoltura e ambiente ?G. Nicoli? , Crevalcore (Bologna), Italy

          Citation style for this article: Macini P, Squintani G, Finarelli AC, Angelini P, Martini E, Tamba M, Dottori M, Bellini R, Santi A, Loli Piccolomini L, Po C. Detection of West Nile virus infection in horses, Italy, September 2008. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(39):pii=18990. Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/View...rticleId=18990

          Date of submission: 24 September 2008

          Six confirmed and five suspected cases of West Nile virus infection in horses have been reported in the vicinity of Ferrara in Italy.


          To verify the diffusion of viral circulation and to prevent the spread of disease, the regional authorities of Emilia-Romagna adopted a special plan of West Nile fever surveillance.

          Detection of cases
          As of 22 September 2008, 12 horses with neurological symptoms indicating the possibility of West Nile virus infection have been reported. The notifications were made in accordance with the already existing national surveillance of West Nile disease.

          In six of these cases the diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory analysis performed at the national reference centre (Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie Esotiche ? CESME), for five the initial ELISA test was positive but the confirmation is still pending, and one tested negative.

          The infected horses belong to eight different stables, seven in the province of Ferrara and one in the province of Bologna at the border with Ferrara. There are about 220 horses kept in these stables and all are to be tested for West Nile virus infection. The blood sampling and laboratory testing is currently ongoing.

          West Nile virus has also been recently detected in wild birds in the area. Although no anomalous mortality has been signalled, surveillance of wild birds conducted between 19 August and 14 September in the framework of a general monitoring of the regional wild fauna resulted in detection of West Nile virus in six crows and seven magpies, all from the province of Ferrara.

          To date there have been no human cases of West Nile fever reported in Italy.

          Active surveillance of cases of meningoencephalitis (with clear cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) was started on 16 September and is ongoing. So far one suspected case was notified in a patient resident in the province of Bologna near the border with Ferrara. However, the results of laboratory analysis are still pending.

          Control measures
          The public health authorities in Emilia-Romagna are closely monitoring the situation and adapting the action plan to the evolving epidemiological situation.

          Currently, the following measures are in place or planned:

          * Veterinary surveillance
          The veterinary surveillance which started on 15 September comprises passive surveillance (until 31 October) and active surveillance (until 31 December) of cases of West Nile fever in horses. It is also foreseen that samples collected from cattle in the region as part of sentinel surveillance for bluetonque disease will be tested for West Nile virus. Furthermore, a national plan for surveillance of wild birds (other than corvids) is under preparation.Human surveillance

          * The surveillance of human cases ongoing since 15 September includes rapid detection and reporting of cases with neurological symptoms compatible with of West Nile disease (until 31 October), as well as active surveillance among employees of stables where cases of infection in horses have occurred, to promote the awareness on this disease, preventive measures and early detection of West Nile fever.

          * The case definition used includes patients >= 15 years old, with fever >= 38.5?C and neurological symptoms: encephalitis, meningitis or Guillain-Barr? syndrome or acute flaccid paralysis.

          Cases are classified as:
          a) possible: clinical symptoms and clear CSF;
          b) probable: clinical symptoms and at least one of the following laboratory criteria:
          -- presence of IgM antibodies against West Nile by ELISA;
          -- seroconversion by ELISA;
          -- fourfold increase of IgG antibodies against West Nile in two consecutive (>5 days, preferably 15-20 days) samplings by ELISA;
          c) confirmed:
          -- clinical symptoms and at least one of the following laboratory criteria:
          -- isolation of West Nile virus in blood or CSF;
          -- presence of IgM antibodies in CSF (by ELISA);
          -- detection of nucleid acid specific for West Nile virus by RT PCR in blood or CSF;
          -- detection of increased levels of IgM and IgG antibodies against West Nile by ELISA confirmed by neutralisation testing.

          At the moment, considering the surveillance measures adopted, as well as the example of other countries especially France [1], the Italian authorities decided not to introduce any restrictions on blood donations.

          However, the situation is monitored closely and should a human case be confirmed, this decision will be reconsidered.

          * Vector surveillance and control
          In addition to surveillance, vector control measures are being implemented in the area affected, i.e. the province of Ferrara and the border zones of the provinces of Ravenna, Bologna and Modena.

          In these areas samples of mosquitoes (Culex spp. and Aedes spp.) are being collected; 10,000 catchments divided into pools are going to be analysed (by PCR). In addition to larvicide disinfestations in every potential breeding site, adulticides interventions are planned to be undertaken in every urban areas and on the occasion of open-air public gatherings, e.g. fairs and festivals, especially held outside the urban centres and in the vicinity of water reservoirs.

          Conclusion
          This event illustrates the necessity of a coordinated strategy plan combining surveillance in domestic animals, wild fauna and in humans for assessing the magnitude of the outbreak and for an efficient management.

          References
          1. Zeller H, Zientara S, Hars J. West Nile outbreak in horses in Southern France: September 2004. Euro Surveill. 2004;8(41):pii=2564.
          Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/View...ArticleId=2564
          --
          <cite cite="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=18990">Eurosurveillance - View Article</cite>

          Comment


          • #6
            Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

            Do most horse owners in Italy vax their horses against WN?

            Here in my county, the first year WN hit really hard, there was no vax and the veternarians were working long hours attending to all the sick horses.

            To date there have been no human cases of West Nile fever reported in Italy.
            A couple of years from now, will Italy be like the US with more WN in humans and more severe?
            The salvage of human life ought to be placed above barter and exchange ~ Louis Harris, 1918

            Comment


            • #7
              Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

              Originally posted by mixin View Post
              Do most horse owners in Italy vax their horses against WN?

              Here in my county, the first year WN hit really hard, there was no vax and the veternarians were working long hours attending to all the sick horses.



              A couple of years from now, will Italy be like the US with more WN in humans and more severe?
              http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/showthread.php?t=80791
              I don't know about vaccination in Italy. Here we do not vaccinate the horses for WNV. Being a horsebreeder myself, I would like to know too what will happen in the future. Guess we don't know, all we can do is monitor the situation.

              WNV is endemic in some Eastern European regions, like Ukraine or Belarus, also there were outbreaks with human cases in other former Soviet Union countries.

              For what I know from the Netherlands, bird flu and WNV are part of the testing in the wild bird monitoring scheme.

              WNV in horses and birds is reported every other year or so in Italy, or France or Spain, Portugal. Does not seem to go further to the north at the moment.

              The spread of Bluetongue learned us, that future developments are unpredictable. A few years ago in Holland we had never heard of Bluetongue, now it is all over the country. Even more surprising is that the prevailing type - no 8 - is not from southern European countries as you would expect. It jumped right from Northern Africa to here, experts still do not know where it came from.
              ?Addressing chronic disease is an issue of human rights ? that must be our call to arms"
              Richard Horton, Editor-in-Chief The Lancet

              ~~~~ Twitter:@GertvanderHoek ~~~ GertvanderHoek@gmail.com ~~~

              Comment


              • #8
                Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

                Dutchy,
                Ahhh, another horse person Mine were Appaloosa and App/quarter; pleasure riding only.

                Can't you get the vaccine overseas? Here, it isn't very expensive and well worth the cost.

                When it first came to our area, the first dead crow struck fear in my heart. After that, the horses were confined to the barn at night.

                Now, we vax our horses and the fear is for ourselves.
                The salvage of human life ought to be placed above barter and exchange ~ Louis Harris, 1918

                Comment


                • #9
                  Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

                  WNV seems to spread in Italy, OIE-report:

                  ?Addressing chronic disease is an issue of human rights ? that must be our call to arms"
                  Richard Horton, Editor-in-Chief The Lancet

                  ~~~~ Twitter:@GertvanderHoek ~~~ GertvanderHoek@gmail.com ~~~

                  Comment


                  • #10
                    Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

                    West Nile Fever, Italy [WAHID Interface - OIE]
                    West Nile Fever,Italy

                    Information received on 30/09/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

                    ? Summary
                    Report type Follow-up report No. 1
                    Start date 08/09/2008
                    Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
                    Report date 30/09/2008
                    Date submitted to OIE 30/09/2008
                    Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
                    Date of previous occurrence 1998
                    Causal agent West Nile virus
                    Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
                    This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
                    Related reports
                    * Immediate notification (12/09/2008)
                    * Follow-up report No. 1 (30/09/2008)

                    ? New outbreaks
                    * Outbreak 1 (2 WND) - FERRARA, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                    Date of start of the outbreak 08/09/2008
                    Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                    Epidemiological unit Farm
                    Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                    * Equidae - 63 - 3 - 1 - 0 - 0

                    * Outbreak 2 (3 WND) - SANT'AGOSTINO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                    Date of start of the outbreak 08/09/2008
                    Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                    Epidemiological unit Farm
                    Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                    * Equidae - 11 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

                    * Outbreak 3 (4 WND) - FERRARA *, FERRARA , EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                    Date of start of the outbreak 11/09/2008
                    Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                    Epidemiological unit Farm
                    Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                    * Equidae - 19 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

                    * Outbreak 4 (5 WND) - TRESIGALLO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                    Date of start of the outbreak 13/09/2008
                    Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                    Epidemiological unit Farm
                    Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                    * Equidae - 9 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

                    * Outbreak 5 (6 WND) - TRECENTA, ROVIGO, VENETO
                    Date of start of the outbreak 15/09/2008
                    Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                    Epidemiological unit Farm
                    Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                    * Equidae - 47 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

                    * Outbreak 6 (7 WND) - FERRARA **, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                    Date of start of the outbreak 17/09/2008
                    Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                    Epidemiological unit Farm
                    Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                    * Equidae - 23 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

                    * Outbreak 7 (8 WND) - OSTELLATO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                    Date of start of the outbreak 17/09/2008
                    Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                    Epidemiological unit Farm
                    Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                    * Equidae - 40 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

                    * Outbreak 8 (9 WND) - MALALBERGO, BOLOGNA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                    Date of start of the outbreak 17/09/2008
                    Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                    Epidemiological unit Farm
                    Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                    * Equidae - 82 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

                    ? Summary of outbreaks
                    Total outbreaks: 8
                    Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                    * Equidae - 294 - 11 - 1 - 0 - 0
                    Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
                    * Equidae - 3.74% - 0.34% - 9.09% - 0.34%
                    * Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

                    ? Epidemiology
                    Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
                    * Vectors

                    ? Control measures
                    Measures applied
                    * Control of wildlife reservoirs
                    * Screening
                    * Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
                    * No vaccination
                    * No treatment of affected animals
                    Measures to be applied
                    * No other measures

                    ? Diagnostic test results
                    Laboratory name and type National Centre for Exotic Diseases (CESME), Teramo (National laboratory)
                    Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
                    * Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 26/09/2008 - Positive
                    * Equidae - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - 26/09/2008 - Positive
                    * Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 26/09/2008 - Positive

                    ? Future Reporting
                    The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
                    --
                    <cite cite="http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=7386" >WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database</cite>

                    Comment


                    • #11
                      Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

                      West Nile Fever, Italy [WAHID Interface - OIE]
                      West Nile Fever,Italy

                      Information received on 07/10/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

                      ? Summary
                      Report type Follow-up report No. 2
                      Start date 08/09/2008
                      Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
                      Report date 07/10/2008
                      Date submitted to OIE 07/10/2008
                      Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
                      Date of previous occurrence 1998
                      Causal agent West Nile virus
                      Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
                      This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
                      Related reports
                      * Immediate notification (12/09/2008)
                      * Follow-up report No. 1 (30/09/2008)
                      * Follow-up report No. 2 (07/10/2008)

                      ? New outbreaks
                      * Outbreak 1 (12 WND) - OSTIGLIA, MANTOVA, LOMBARDIA
                      Date of start of the outbreak 26/09/2008
                      Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                      Epidemiological unit Farm
                      Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                      * Equidae - 9 - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0

                      * Outbreak 2 (10 WND) - BENTIVOGLIO, BOLOGNA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                      Date of start of the outbreak 20/09/2008
                      Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                      Epidemiological unit Farm
                      Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                      * Equidae - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 0

                      * Outbreak 3 (11 WND) - MIGLIARINO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                      Date of start of the outbreak 28/09/2008
                      Outbreak status: Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                      Epidemiological unit Farm
                      Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                      * Equidae - 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 0

                      ? Summary of outbreaks
                      Total outbreaks: 3
                      Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                      * Equidae - 12 - 5 - 2 - 1 - 0
                      Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
                      * Equidae - 41.67% - 16.67% - 40.00% - 25.00%
                      * Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

                      ? Epidemiology
                      Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
                      * Vectors

                      ? Control measures
                      Measures applied
                      * Control of wildlife reservoirs
                      * Screening
                      * Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
                      * No vaccination
                      * No treatment of affected animals

                      Measures to be applied
                      * No other measures

                      ? Diagnostic test results
                      Laboratory name and type National Centre for Exotic Diseases (CESME), Teramo (National laboratory)

                      Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
                      * Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 02/10/2008 - Positive
                      * Equidae - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - 02/10/2008 - Positive
                      * Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 02/10/2008 - Positive

                      ? Future Reporting
                      The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
                      --
                      <cite cite="http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=7403" >WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database</cite>

                      Comment


                      • #12
                        Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

                        West Nile Fever, Italy [WAHID Interface - OIE]
                        West Nile Fever, Italy

                        Information received on 13/10/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

                        ? Summary
                        Report type Follow-up report No. 3
                        Start date 08/09/2008
                        Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
                        Report date 13/10/2008
                        Date submitted to OIE 13/10/2008
                        Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
                        Date of previous occurrence 1998
                        Causal agent West Nile virus
                        Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
                        This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
                        Related reports
                        * Immediate notification (12/09/2008)
                        * Follow-up report No. 1 (30/09/2008)
                        * Follow-up report No. 2 (07/10/2008)
                        * Follow-up report No. 3 (13/10/2008)

                        ? New outbreaks
                        * Outbreak 1 (13 WND) - CODIGORO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                        Date of start of the outbreak 23/09/2008
                        Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                        Epidemiological unit Farm
                        Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                        * Equidae - 40 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

                        * Outbreak 2 (14 WND) - COMACCHIO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                        Date of start of the outbreak 18/09/2008
                        Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                        Epidemiological unit Farm
                        Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                        * Equidae - 33 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

                        ? Summary of outbreaks
                        Total outbreaks: 2
                        Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                        * Equidae - 73 - 3 - 0 - 0 - 0
                        Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
                        * Equidae - 4.11% - 0.00% - 0.00% - 0.00%
                        * Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

                        ? Epidemiology
                        Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
                        * Vectors

                        ? Control measures
                        Measures applied
                        * Control of wildlife reservoirs
                        * Screening
                        * Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
                        * No vaccination
                        * No treatment of affected animals
                        Measures to be applied
                        * No other measures

                        ? Diagnostic test results
                        Laboratory name and type National Centre for Exotic Diseases (CESME), Teramo (National laboratory)
                        Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
                        * Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 06/10/2008 - Positive
                        * Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 09/10/2008 - Positive
                        * Equidae - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - 06/10/2008 - Positive
                        * Equidae - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - 09/10/2008 - Positive
                        * Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 06/10/2008 - Positive
                        * Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 09/10/2008 - Positive

                        ? Future Reporting
                        The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
                        --
                        <cite cite="http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=7423" >WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database</cite>

                        Comment


                        • #13
                          Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

                          West Nile Fever, Italy [OIE-WAHID]

                          West Nile Fever, Italy

                          [Full text: http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public...&reportid=7447 ]

                          Information received on 21/10/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

                          ? Summary
                          Report type Follow-up report No. 4
                          Start date 08/09/2008
                          Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
                          Report date 21/10/2008
                          Date submitted to OIE 21/10/2008
                          Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
                          Date of previous occurrence 1998
                          Causal agent West Nile virus
                          Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
                          This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
                          Related reports
                          * Immediate notification (12/09/2008)
                          * Follow-up report No. 1 (30/09/2008)
                          * Follow-up report No. 2 (07/10/2008)
                          * Follow-up report No. 3 (13/10/2008)
                          * Follow-up report No. 4 (21/10/2008)

                          ? New outbreaks
                          * Outbreak 1 (15 WND) - ARGENTA, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                          Date of start of the outbreak 18/09/2008
                          Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                          Epidemiological unit Farm
                          Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                          * Equidae - 23 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0
                          Affected population: The positivity concerns a seroconversion of a sentinel animal (horse).

                          * Outbreak 2 (16 WND) - LAGOSANTO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                          Date of start of the outbreak 16/09/2008
                          Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                          Epidemiological unit Farm
                          Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                          * Equidae - 2 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0
                          Affected population: The positivity concerns a seroconversion of a sentinel animal (horse).

                          * Outbreak 3 (17 WND) - LUGO, RAVENNA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                          Date of start of the outbreak 23/09/2008
                          Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                          Epidemiological unit Farm
                          Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                          * Equidae - 17 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0
                          Affected population: The positivity concerns a seroconversion of a sentinel animal (horse).

                          * Outbreak 4 (19 WND) - CANARO, ROVIGO, VENETO
                          Date of start of the outbreak 30/09/2008
                          Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                          Epidemiological unit Farm
                          Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                          * Equidae - 4 - 4 - 0 - 0 - 0

                          * Outbreak 5 (18 WND) - FERRARA, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                          Date of start of the outbreak 04/10/2008
                          Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                          Epidemiological unit Farm
                          Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                          * Equidae - 8 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

                          ? Summary of outbreaks
                          Total outbreaks: 5
                          Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                          * Equidae - 54 - 8 - 0 - 0 - 0
                          Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
                          * Equidae - 14.81% - 0.00% - 0.00% - 0.00%

                          * Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

                          ? Epidemiology
                          Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
                          * Vectors

                          ? Control measures
                          Measures applied

                          * Control of wildlife reservoirs
                          * Screening
                          * Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
                          * No vaccination
                          * No treatment of affected animals

                          Measures to be applied

                          * No other measures

                          ? Diagnostic test results
                          Laboratory name and type National Centre for Exotic Diseases (CESME), Teramo (National laboratory)
                          Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
                          * Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 08/10/2008 - Positive
                          * Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 10/10/2008 - Positive
                          * Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 13/10/2008 - Positive
                          * Equidae - real-time PCR - 10/10/2008 - Positive
                          * Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 08/10/2008 - Positive
                          * Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 10/10/2008 - Positive
                          * Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 13/10/2008 - Positive

                          ? Future Reporting
                          The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
                          -
                          -----

                          Comment


                          • #14
                            Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

                            West Nile Fever, Italy [WAHID Interface - OIE]
                            West Nile Fever, Italy

                            Information received on 27/10/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

                            ? Summary
                            Report type Follow-up report No. 5
                            Start date 08/09/2008
                            Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
                            Report date 27/10/2008
                            Date submitted to OIE 27/10/2008
                            Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
                            Date of previous occurrence 1998
                            Causal agent West Nile virus
                            Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
                            This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
                            Related reports
                            * Immediate notification (12/09/2008)
                            * Follow-up report No. 1 (30/09/2008)
                            * Follow-up report No. 2 (07/10/2008)
                            * Follow-up report No. 3 (13/10/2008)
                            * Follow-up report No. 4 (21/10/2008)
                            * Follow-up report No. 5 (27/10/2008)

                            ? New outbreaks
                            * Outbreak 1 (20 WND) - MERLARA, PADOVA, VENETO
                            Date of start of the outbreak 01/10/2008
                            Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                            Epidemiological unit Farm
                            Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                            * Equidae - 10 - 4 - 0 - 0 - 0

                            * Outbreak 2 (21 WND) - MARCON, VENEZIA, VENETO
                            Date of start of the outbreak 02/10/2008
                            Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                            Epidemiological unit Farm
                            Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                            * Equidae - 2 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

                            * Outbreak 3 (22 WND) - CANDIANA, PADOVA, VENETO
                            Date of start of the outbreak 02/10/2008
                            Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                            Epidemiological unit Farm
                            Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                            * Equidae - 2 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

                            * Outbreak 4 (23 WND) - CODEVIGO, PADOVA, VENETO
                            Date of start of the outbreak 01/10/2008
                            Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                            Epidemiological unit Farm
                            Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                            * Equidae - 4 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

                            * Outbreak 5 (24 WND) - GRANZE, PADOVA, VENETO
                            Date of start of the outbreak 03/10/2008
                            Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                            Epidemiological unit Farm
                            Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                            * Equidae - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

                            * Outbreak 6 (25 WND) - CAVARZERE, VENEZIA, VENETO
                            Date of start of the outbreak 03/10/2008
                            Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                            Epidemiological unit Farm
                            Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                            * Equidae - 2 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

                            * Outbreak 7 (26 WND) - BAGNOLO DI PO, ROVIGO, VENETO
                            Date of start of the outbreak 01/10/2008
                            Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                            Epidemiological unit Farm
                            Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                            * Equidae - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

                            ? Summary of outbreaks
                            Total outbreaks: 7
                            Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                            * Equidae - 24 - 13 - 0 - 0 - 0
                            Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
                            * Equidae - 54.17% - 0.00% - 0.00% - 0.00%
                            * Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

                            ? Epidemiology
                            Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
                            * Vectors

                            ? Control measures
                            Measures applied
                            * Control of wildlife reservoirs
                            * Screening
                            * Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
                            * No vaccination
                            * No treatment of affected animals
                            Measures to be applied
                            * No other measures

                            ? Diagnostic test results
                            Laboratory name and type National Centre for Exotic Diseases (CESME), Teramo (National laboratory)
                            Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
                            * Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 17/10/2008 -Positive
                            * Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 17/10/2008 - Positive

                            ? Future Reporting
                            The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
                            -
                            <cite cite="http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=7454" >WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database</cite>

                            Comment


                            • #15
                              Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

                              West Nile Fever, Italy (10/31/2008) [WAHID Interface - OIE]
                              West Nile Fever, Italy

                              Information received on 31/10/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

                              ? Summary
                              Report type Follow-up report No. 6
                              Start date 08/09/2008
                              Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
                              Report date 31/10/2008
                              Date submitted to OIE 31/10/2008
                              Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
                              Date of previous occurrence 1998
                              Causal agent West Nile virus
                              Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
                              This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
                              Related reports
                              * Immediate notification (12/09/2008)
                              * Follow-up report No. 1 (30/09/2008)
                              * Follow-up report No. 2 (07/10/2008)
                              * Follow-up report No. 3 (13/10/2008)
                              * Follow-up report No. 4 (21/10/2008)
                              * Follow-up report No. 5 (27/10/2008)
                              * Follow-up report No. 6 (31/10/2008)

                              ? New outbreaks
                              * Outbreak 1 (27 WND) - PIEVE DI CENTO, BOLOGNA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
                              Date of start of the outbreak 26/09/2008
                              Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                              Epidemiological unit Farm
                              Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                              * Equidae - 5 - 4 - 0 - 0 - 0

                              * Outbreak 2 (28 WND) - BAGNOLI DI SOPRA , PADOVA, VENETO
                              Date of start of the outbreak 06/10/2008
                              Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                              Epidemiological unit Farm
                              Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                              * Equidae - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

                              * Outbreak 3 (29 WND) - VILLANOVA DEL GHEBBO, ROVIGO, VENETO
                              Date of start of the outbreak 06/10/2008
                              Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                              Epidemiological unit Farm
                              Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                              * Equidae - 1 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

                              * Outbreak 4 (30 WND) - URBANA, PADOVA, VENETO
                              Date of start of the outbreak 07/10/2008
                              Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
                              Epidemiological unit Farm
                              Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                              * Equidae - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

                              ? Summary of outbreaks
                              Total outbreaks: 4
                              Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
                              * Equidae - 10 - 9 - 0 - 0 - 0
                              Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
                              * Equidae - 90.00% - 0.00% - 0.00% - 0.00%
                              * Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

                              ? Epidemiology
                              Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
                              * Vectors

                              ? Control measures
                              Measures applied
                              * Control of wildlife reservoirs
                              * Screening
                              * Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
                              * No vaccination
                              * No treatment of affected animals
                              Measures to be applied
                              * No other measures

                              ? Diagnostic test results
                              Laboratory name and type National Centre for Exotic Diseases (CESME), Teramo (National laboratory)
                              Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
                              * Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 24/10/2008 - Positive
                              * Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 27/10/2008 - Positive
                              * Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 24/10/2008 - Positive
                              * Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 27/10/2008 - Positive

                              ? Future Reporting
                              The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
                              -
                              <cite cite="http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=7473" >WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database</cite>

                              Comment

                              Working...
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