Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

[gsgs]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

...and, is there anyone else except you who says this (multiple introductions) ?

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

...and, is there anyone else except you who says this (multiple introductions) ?

Yes, everyone (who can read a phylogenetic tree) agrees that there were multiple introductions (the data are VERY easy to read).

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Influenza Is Beginning To Rise In Massachusetts, USA

Main Category: Flu / Cold / SARS
Also Included In: Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses; Respiratory / Asthma
Article Date: 10 Feb 2009 - 6:00 PST


After a relatively mild flu season so far, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (DPH) announced today that influenza activity is beginning to increase across the state. The timing is not unusual - flu season usually peaks in February or early March. Flu activity is starting to increase across the country as well.

The best way to prevent the flu is by getting vaccinated. Over 3 million doses of influenza vaccine have been distributed during the 2008-2009 influenza season, including 808,000 doses of state-supplied vaccine. Contact your healthcare provider if you are interested in getting a flu shot.

The increase in influenza activity and the resistance to medications that treat the influenza illness makes it all that much more important to take measures to protect yourself, co-workers, friends and family. Key measures are:

- Handwashing: To avoid getting the flu, handwashing is very important, as well as avoiding close contact with those who are ill.

- Covering your cough: Sick or well, always cover your cough - use your arm to stifle a cough, not your hand.

- Stay home from work or school if you are sick.

Flu Activity Nationwide and in Mass.

For the week ending January 24, 2009, two states reported widespread influenza activity and 14 states, including Massachusetts and four other New England states, reported regional activity. Of those influenza viruses of a known type, 81% were influenza type A and 19% were influenza type B.

In Massachusetts, the number of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza reported to DPH each week has risen consistently over the past three weeks, with a significant increase between the week ending January 17th and the week ending January 24th. Twelve specimens have been subtyped at the William A. Hinton State Laboratory Institute during the 2008-2009 season. Six of these specimens have been A/H1N1, five have been H3N2 and one was identified as type B.

Resistance to Antivirals

The CDC recently announced that the predominant strain of influenza circulating nationally (influenza A H1N1) has developed resistance to a widely used antiviral medication, oseltamivir (Tamiflu&#174. Doctors often prescribe antiviral medications to treat the symptoms of people with the flu. While this particular antiviral medication has proven less effective against this year's predominant flu strain, another antiviral called zanamavir (Relenza&#174 continues to be effective in treating flu symptoms.

Fortunately, this year's flu vaccine is protective against the predominant strain circulating this year.

For complete information about surveillance for influenza in Massachusetts, go to http://www.mass.gov/dph/flu, and click on Seasonal Flu, then Influenza Surveillance, and then Massachusetts Surveillance Data.

For general information on influenza in multiple languages, please visit the DPH flu webpage at http://www.mass.gov/dph/flu, or see the "Flu: What You Can Do" informational campaign at http://www.mass.gov/dph.

Massachusetts Department of Public Health


View drug information on Relenza; Tamiflu capsule.

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/138509.php

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Antiviral-Resistant Influenza Strain Indentified In North Dakota

Main Category: Flu / Cold / SARS
Also Included In: Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses; MRSA / Drug Resistance
Article Date: 10 Feb 2009 - 6:00 PST



The North Dakota Department of Health has identified the strain of influenza which is resistant to a common treatment called oseltamivir (better known as Tamiflu&#174, according to Michelle Feist, influenza surveillance coordinator with the Department of Health.

"Tests conducted at our lab confirmed that this flu strain taken from a North Dakota resident was an influenza A H1 strain, and further testing performed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed it was resistant to the antiviral commonly called Tamiflu®," Feist said. "As a result, the department has added information to its website that includes state and nationwide influenza antiviral resistance data, along with information for the public and healthcare providers. That information can be found at http://www.ndflu.com."

Tests completed by the CDC have shown that this common strain of the flu, known as type A H1N1, is becoming resistant to Tamiflu®. Data shows that of the flu viruses tested, 98 percent could not be treated with the antiviral Tamiflu®. Alternate treatment is available and patients should discuss these options with their health-care provider.

"Of course, preventing the flu is always better than trying to treat it," Feist said. "The flu season is just beginning, so it is not too late to be vaccinated."

So far this season, 94 cases of influenza have been reported in North Dakota.

Reported influenza case numbers will be updated every Wednesday on the website, http://www.ndflu.com.

North Dakota Department of Health


View drug information on Tamiflu capsule.

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/138517.php

[gsgs]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

positions 37,213,258,605,607,616,626,645,732 in HA
and 9,246,261,750,826,840,930,969,1064,1239 in NA
in A/Brisbane/59/2006(H1N1) - like viruses since 2007 at genbank

these are the "marker-mutations", which appear in many viruses
and "mark" the corresponding strain and allow tracking

H275Y corresponds to a T at 826 in NA, 14th letter in the list below

------------GCCCTA-   2008///A/Istanbul-TR/37
------------GCCCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/055
------------GCCCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/056
------------GCCCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/097
------------GCCCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/100
------------GCCCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/138
------------GCTCCA-   2008///A/Edirne-TR/39
------------GCTCCA-   2008///A/Izmir-TR/26
------------GCTCCA-   2008///A/Izmir-TR/32
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/07/A/Aichi/4
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/08/A/Aichi/10
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/10/A/Aichi/1
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/10/A/Aichi/12
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/16/A/Aichi/13
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/18/A/Aichi/24
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/29/A/Aichi/64
------------GCTCCAA   2007///A/Luxembourg/1083
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/091
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/104
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/109
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/142
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/151
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/152
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/189
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/257
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/360
------------GCTCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/120
------------GCTCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/300
------------GTC----   2008/01/29/A/Leiden/07120
------------GTCC---   2008/01/02/A/Leiden/00822
------------GTCCT--   2008/01/23/A/Grodno/108
------------GTCCTG-   2007/12/03/A/Istanbul-TR/1219
------------GTCCTG-   2008///A/Bursa-TR/28
------------GTCCTG-   2008///A/Ireland/24
------------GTCCTG-   2008///A/Ireland/27
------------GTCCTG-   2008///A/Ireland/68
------------GTCCTG-   2008///A/Ireland/69
------------GTCCTG-   2008/01//A/Hong Kong/17
------------GTCCTG-   2008/01/19/A/Istanbul-TR/111
------------GTCCTG-   2008/02/05/A/Minsk/142
------------GTCCTG-   2008/02/06/A/Minsk/124
------------GTCCTG-   2008/02/15/A/Minsk/211
------------GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/090
------------GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/115
------------GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/222
------------GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/273
------------GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/285
------------GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/456
------------GTCCTGA   2008/01/31/A/Grodno/163
----------GCGTCCTGA   2008/02/05/A/Netherlands/159
----------TCGCCCTAA   2007///A/Norway/1758
----------TCGCTCCAA   2007/12/20/A/Paris/814
----------TCGCTCTAA   2007/10/22/A/Paris/194
----------TCGCTCTAA   2008/02/04/A/Netherlands/162
----------TCGTCCTGA   2007/12/05/A/Paris/577
----------TCGTCCTGA   2007/12/19/A/Paris/749
----------TCGTCCTGA   2007/12/27/A/Paris/847
----------TCGTCCTGA   2008/05/16/A/Johannesburg/12
---------CGCATCTTGG   2008/10/26/A/Texas/16
---------CGCGTCCTGA   2008/02/15/A/Leiden/11693
---------CGCGTCCTGA   2008/02/25/A/Leiden/13892
---------CTCGCCCTAA   2007/11/26/A/Paris/497
---------CTCGCCCTAA   2008///A/Denmark/07
---------CTCGCCCTAA   2008///A/Denmark/09
---------CTCGCCCTAA   2008/01/04/A/Denmark/4
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2007/11/20/A/Paris/438
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2007/12/10/A/Paris/611
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2007/12/12/A/Paris/658
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/15
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/151
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/33
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/37
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/46
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/10/A/Paris/1149
---------CTCGCTCTAA   2007/11/02/A/Paris/286
---------CTCGCTCTAA   2007/11/30/A/Paris/546
---------CTCGCTCTAA   2008///A/Denmark/14
---------CTCGCTCTAA   2008///A/Denmark/18
---------CTCGCTCTAA   2008/03/14/A/Tennessee/03
---------CTCGCTTTAA   2007///A/Denmark/28
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2007/01/05/A/Paris/910
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2007/11/20/A/Paris/644
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2007/12/29/A/Illinois/16
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/13/A/Paris/1170
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/15/A/Paris/1154
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/15/A/Paris/1157
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/15/A/Paris/1208
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2008/02/26/A/Yokohama/77
---------CTCGTTCCAA   2008/01/04/A/Paris/963
---------CTCGTTCCAA   2008/01/28/A/Yokohama/22
---------CTCGTTCCAA   2008/01/28/A/Yokohama/30
---------CTCGTTCCAA   2008/01/28/A/Yokohama/31
---------CTCGTTCCAA   2008/01/28/A/Yokohama/34
---------CTTGCTCCAA   2007/10/31/A/Colorado/26
---------CTTGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/06
---------CTTGCTCCAA   2008/01/09/A/South Dakota/02
---------CTTGCTTCAA   2008/03/13/A/Ohio/02
---------TTCGCCCTAA   08/01/10/A/Berlin/1
---------TTCGCTCCAA   2007///A/Norway/1729
---------TTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Zagreb/1982
---------TTCGCTCTAA   08///A/Luxembourg/20
---------TTCGTCCTGA   07/12/11/A/Lyon/1337
---------TTCGTCCTGA   08/01/06/A/Belgium/G257
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2007///A/Canarias/RR-2915
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2007///A/Norway/1736
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/07/A/Finland/11
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/15/A/Luxembourg/116
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/27/A/Austria/406109
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2008/05//A/Johannesburg/14
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2008/06/10/A/Johannesburg/36
---------TTCGTTCCAA   2007/11/22/A/Scotland/5
---------TTCGTTCCAA   2007/12/28/A/England/684
---GAGATC----------   2008/01/14/A/Austria/402939
-CAAGAATC----------   2008/05/15/A/Johannesburg/10
-CAAGAATC----------   2008/06/09/A/Johannesburg/34
-CAAGAATC----------   2008/10/02/A/Kisii/7541
-CAAGAATCTTCGTCCTGA   2008/06/09/A/Johannesburg/35
-CACGAATC----------   2008/11/14/A/Mbagathi/7596
-CAGAAATC-GCGTCCTGA   2008/01/21/A/Bucuresti/229
-CAGGGATC----------   2008///A/Paris/1208
-CAGGGATC----------   2008/01/06/A/Belgium/G257
-CAGGGATC----------   2008/01/18/A/Austria/404337
-CAGGGATC----------   2008/02/13/A/Parma/34
-CAGGGATC---GTCCTA-   2008/02//A/Baleares/R2928
-CAGGGATC---GTCCTG-   2007/12//A/Canarias/R2915
-CAGGGATC---GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/116
-CAGGGATC-TCGCCCTAA   2008/01/03/A/Barcelona/00083
-CAGGGATC-TCGCCCTAA   2008/01/14/A/Bucuresti/137
-CAGGGATC-TCGCCCTAA   2008/02/06/A/Kiev/245
-CAGGGATC-TCGTCCTGA   2008/01/02/A/Lisbon/3
-CAGGGATC-TCGTCCTGA   2008/02/13/A/Geneva/9296
-CAGGGATC-TCGTCCTGA   2008/03/03/A/Berlin/47
-CAGGGATC-TCGTCCTGA   2008/05/27/A/CapeTown/26
-CAGGGATCTTCGCCCTAA   2008/01/17/A/Austria/403918
-CAGGGATCTTCGCCCTAA   2008/01/22/A/Trieste/16
-CAGGGATCTTCGCCCTAA   2008/01/31/A/Lisbon/15
-CAGGGATCTTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/08/A/Athens/41
-CAGGGATCTTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/10/A/Slovenia/123
-CAGGGATCTTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/21/A/Austria/404811
-CAGGGATCTTCGTCCTGA   2008/02/12/A/Kiev/313
-CAGGGATCTTCGTCCTGA   2008/06/03/A/Johannesburg/21
-TAAGAACT----------   2008/11/11/A/Kisii/7577
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/07/08/A/Kenya/6901
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/10/05/A/Kisii/7543
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/10/09/A/Kericho/7525
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/10/17/A/Kisii/7554
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/10/30/A/Kericho/7529
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/11/03/A/Kisii/7565
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/11/11/A/Kericho/7535
-TAGAGACC----------   2008/01/31/A/Zagreb/1982
-TAGAGACC-TCGCTCCAA   2008/01/21/A/Bulgaria/155
-TAGAGACC-TCGCTCCAA   2008/01/25/A/Hungary/13
-TAGGGACC----------   2007/03/02/A/Niigata/F158
-TAGGGACC----------   2007/03/06/A/Milan/19
-TAGGGACC----------   2007/03/23/A/Niigata/F438
-TAGGGACC----------   2007/12/10/A/Norway/1729
-TAGGGACC----------   2008///A/Ireland/v1088
-TAGGGACC----------   2008/01/16/A/Austria/403617
-TAGGGACC---GCTCCA-   2008/01/09/A/Aichi/16
-TAGGGACC-TCGCTCTAA   2008/02/27/A/Aichi/74
-TAGGGACCTTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/14/A/Ostrava/79
-TAGGGACCTTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/23/A/Latvia/1-938
-TAGGGACT----------   2007///A/Paris/658
-TAGGGATC----------   2007/11/23/A/Norway/1703
-TAGGGATC----------   2008/01/08/A/Austria/402127
-TAGGGATC----------   2008/01/09/A/Austria/402138
-TAGGGATC----------   2008/01/10/A/Berlin/1
-TAGGGATC---GCTCTA-   2007/12/05/A/Aichi/96
-TAGGGATC---GCTCTA-   2008/01/17/A/Aichi/28
-TAGGGATCTTCGCCCTAA   2007///A/Turkey/1558
-TAGGGATCTTCGCCCTAA   2008/01/10/A/Slovenia/131
-TGGGGACT----------   2008/01/22/A/Austria/404577
-TGGGGACT---GTTCCA-   2008/02/19/A/Aichi/76
ACAAAAATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/12/09/A/Minnesota/27
ACAARAATC----------   2008/07/23/A/Washington/05
ACACAAATCCACGTCCTGA   2008/11/02/A/Washington/08
ACACAAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/10/15/A/Hawaii/19
ACACRAATCCACGTCCTGA   2008/12/05/A/Wisconsin/17
ACAGAAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/01/10/A/Washington/01
ACAGAAATCTGCGTCCTGA   2007/11/24/A/New Jersey/15
ACAGAGATC----------   2008///A/Denmark/94
ACAGAGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2007/07/17/A/South Dakota/06
ACAGGAATC----------   2008/01/28/A/Wisconsin/01
ACAGGAATC----------   2008/02/14/A/New Jersey/AF1291
ACAGGAATC----------   2008/03/03/A/Texas/AF1960
ACAGGAATC----------   2008/03/28/A/South Carolina/01
ACAGGAATCCGCATCCTGA   2008/01/15/A/Pennsylvania/02
ACAGGAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2007/12/16/A/New Jersey/16
ACAGGAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2007/12/26/A/Maryland/04
ACAGGAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/01/22/A/New Jersey/05
ACAGGAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/02/02/A/New Jersey/06
ACAGGAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/10/27/A/Maryland/04
ACAGGAATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008///A/Florida/24
ACAGGAATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/12/04/A/Nebraska/07
ACAGGAATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/12/12/A/North Dakota/01
ACAGGGATC----------   2007///A/Paris/749
ACAGGGATC----------   2007/07/17/A/South Dakota/AF1302
ACAGGGATC----------   2007/12/12/A/Arizona/13
ACAGGGATC----------   2007/12/12/A/Arizona/14
ACAGGGATC----------   2007/12/20/A/Austria/400115
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/04/A/Norway/76
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/18/A/Austria/404342
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/28/A/Illinois/07
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/28/A/Norway/199
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/30/A/Alabama/AF1210
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/30/A/Illinois/10
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/31/A/Illinois/11
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/02/01/A/Norway/256
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/02/08/A/Illinois/13
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/02/14/A/Wyoming/10
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/02/22/A/South Carolina/AF1299
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/02/23/A/Maryland/AF1285
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/03/13/A/Oklahoma/AF1901
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/07/07/A/Honduras/AF1968
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/07/21/A/Honduras/AF1994
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/07/22/A/Honduras/AF1993
ACAGGGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2007/12/30/A/Wisconsin/36
ACAGGGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2008/02/06/A/Florida/09
ACAGGGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2008/02/06/A/North Carolina/04
ACAGGGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2008/02/09/A/Georgia/05
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2007///A/Denmark/27
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2007/12/12/A/Illinois/10
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2007/12/22/A/Arizona/15
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008///A/Denmark/52
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/09/A/England/26
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/15/A/Minnesota/01
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/29/A/Indiana/01
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/02/13/A/Denmark/122
ACAGRAATC----------   2008/11/23/A/Massachusetts/09
ACAGRAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/11/03/A/Wisconsin/12
ACAGRAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/12/10/A/Maryland/05
ACAGRAATCCTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/21/A/New Jersey/08
ACAGRAATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/11/16/A/Wisconsin/16
ACAGRGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2008/02/18/A/Vermont/01
ACAGRGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2008/08/27/A/Florida/17
ACAGRGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2007/12/06/A/Arizona/03
ACAGRGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/01/A/Hawaii/01
ACAGRGATCCTCGTTCTGA   2007/12/13/A/Pennsylvania/13
ACATAAATCCGCATCTTGA   2008/01/15/A/Memphis/03
ACATAAGTC----------   2008/11/10/A/Hawaii/46
ACATAAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/10/26/A/Texas/15
ACATAAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/10/31/A/Florida/19
ACATAAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/16/A/Arizona/13
ACATAAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/17/A/Massachusetts/08
ACATAAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/20/A/Illinois/15
ACATAAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/27/A/Illinois/16
ACATGAGTC----------   2008/11/03/A/Michigan/05
ACATGAGTCCACATCTTGG   2008/10/25/A/Hawaii/21
ACATGAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/10/13/A/Pennsylvania/08
ACATGAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/02/A/Pennsylvania/09
ACATGAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/03/A/Florida/21
ACATGAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/26/A/Illinois/17
ACATGAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/29/A/Michigan/06
ACATGAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/12/02/A/Texas/29
ACATRAATCCGCATCTTGG   2008/02/05/A/North Carolina/02
ACATRAGTC----------   2008/10/22/A/South Carolina/06
ACATRAGTC----------   2008/10/25/A/Florida/18
ACATRAGTC----------   2008/12/10/A/Alaska/05
ACATRAGTC----------   2008/12/10/A/Virginia/03
ACATRAGTC----------   2008/12/24/A/Idaho/23
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/10/18/A/Hawaii/20
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/10/30/A/Delaware/01
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/04/A/Texas/17
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/06/A/Texas/18
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/20/A/Texas/23
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/23/A/Texas/27
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/12/04/A/Tennessee/11
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/12/22/A/New Jersey/23
ATAAGGACT----------   2008/04/29/A/Kisii/5886
ATAAGGACT----------   2008/04/29/A/Kisumu/5933
ATAAGGACT----------   2008/04/29/A/Kisumu/5934
ATAAGGACT----------   2008/06/06/A/Kisii/5896
ATAAGGGCT----------   2008/07/01/A/Kisumu/6543
ATAGAGACC----------   2007/12/05/A/New York/16
ATAGAGACCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/11/06/A/Washington/28
ATAGAGACCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/11/A/Florida/06
ATAGAGACT----------   2007/10/01/A/Hawaii/31
ATAGAGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/11/07/A/Hawaii/39
ATAGAGATC----------   2008/01/07/A/Austria/401355
ATAGAGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/04/A/New Jersey/03
ATAGGAATCTTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/22/A/Idaho/01
ATAGGGACC----------   2007///A/Denmark/22
ATAGGGACC----------   2007///A/England/684
ATAGGGACC----------   2007///A/Kuwait/AF1207
ATAGGGACC----------   2007///A/Paris/194
ATAGGGACC----------   2007///A/Paris/438
ATAGGGACC----------   2007/11/17/A/Iraq/AF1188
ATAGGGACC----------   2007/12/04/A/Alaska/13
ATAGGGACC----------   2007/12/19/A/Japan/AF1278
ATAGGGACC----------   2007/12/31/A/England/654
ATAGGGACC----------   2008///A/Denmark/01
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/01/16/A/Austria/404579
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/01/22/A/Austria/404805
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/01/25/A/Japan/AF1273
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/01/29/A/Texas/09
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/02/19/A/Texas/AF1325
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/02/27/A/Washington/AF1911
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/02/27/A/Washington/AF1921
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/02/28/A/Idaho/09
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/03/14/A/Hawaii/AF1896
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/08/20/A/Texas/11
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/02/21/A/California/UR06-0393
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/03/01/A/California/UR06-0479
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/03/01/A/Kentucky/UR06-0476
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/07/28/A/England/545
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/08/29/A/Texas/32
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/12/01/A/Massachusetts/14
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/12/03/A/Alaska/11
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/05
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/16/A/Alaska/02
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/27/A/Washington/40
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/02/05/A/New York/05
ATAGGGACCTTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/02/A/Thailand/39
ATAGGGACCTTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/03/A/New Mexico/01
ATAGGGACT----------   2007///A/Paris/611
ATAGGGACT----------   2007///A/Paris/814
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/07/09/A/Johannesburg/67
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/07/17/A/Perth/73
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/09/08/A/Sydney/581
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/10//A/Malindi/4835
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/10/03/A/Georgia/08
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/10/19/A/Hawaii/18
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/11//A/Kericho/4831
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/11/21/A/Qatar/AF1205
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/12/31/A/Japan/AF1963
ATAGGGACT----------   2008///A/Denmark/11
ATAGGGACT----------   2008/01/31/A/Arkansas/AF1213
ATAGGGACT----------   2008/02/01/A/Maryland/AF1281
ATAGGGACT----------   2008/02/27/A/Germany/AF1983
ATAGGGACT----------   2008/03/05/A/Kericho/5883
ATAGGGACTATCGCTCCAA   2007/12/16/A/Florida/13
ATAGGGACTCTCGCTCCAA   2007/09/18/A/Idaho/11
ATAGGGACTCTCGCTCCAA   2007/12/16/A/Florida/15
ATAGGGACTCTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/02/A/Pennsylvania/01
ATAGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/10/25/A/Hawaii/20
ATAGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/11/13/A/Pennsylvania/10
ATAGGGACTCTTGCTCCGA   2007/10/24/A/California/27
ATAGGGACTCTTGTTCCAA   2007/10/22/A/Hawaii/21
ATAGGGACTCTTGTTCCAA   2007/10/22/A/Hawaii/28
ATAGGGACTTTTGCTCCAA   2007/07/01/A/Brisbane/59
ATAGGGACTTTTGCTCCAA   2007/08/30/A/Christchurch/62
ATAGGGACTTTTGCTCCAA   2007/09/02/A/Brisbane/308
ATAGGGATC----------   2007///A/Paris/497
ATAGGGATC----------   2007///A/Paris/546
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/07/13/A/Thailand/545
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/09//A/Mbagathi/4833
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/10/04/A/Washington/27
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/11/14/A/Arizona/04
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/12/01/A/Iraq/AF1191
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/12/08/A/Iraq/AF1192
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/12/11/A/Lyon/1337
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/01/02/A/Austria/400861
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/01/08/A/Japan/AF1271
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/01/14/A/Austria/402937
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/01/16/A/Norway/169
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/01/23/A/New Mexico/AF1900
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/01/26/A/Washington/AF1340
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/02/06/A/Oklahoma/AF1956
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/02/27/A/Germany/AF1972
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/02/27/A/Germany/AF1979
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/03/06/A/Texas/10
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/10/15/A/Texas/41
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/11/26/A/Texas/74
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/02/A/Arizona/07
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/04/A/Texas/70
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/05/A/Wisconsin/35
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/10/A/Florida/10
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/13/A/Illinois/11
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/28/A/Florida/19
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008///A/Denmark/02
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/04/A/Maryland/01
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/07/A/Colorado/01
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/07/A/Pennsylvania/05
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/15/A/California/05
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/17/A/New Jersey/04
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/22/A/Idaho/02
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/02/18/A/Indiana/04
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/02/18/A/New Jersey/13
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTTTAA   2008/01/18/A/Alaska/03
ATAGGGATCCTCGTTCTAA   2008/01/04/A/Florida/02
ATAGGGATCTTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/11/A/New Jersey/02
ATAGRGACC----------   2007/12/11/A/Texas/78
ATAGRGACC----------   2008/01/25/A/Texas/08
ATAGRGACCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/14/A/Washington/33
ATAGRGACCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/19/A/Washington/34
ATAGRGACT----------   2008/02/06/A/Georgia/06
ATAGRGACTCTCGCTCCAA   2007/11/28/A/Iowa/04
ATAGRGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/10/02/A/California/28
ATAGRGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/10/10/A/Hawaii/35
ATAGRGATC----------   2007/12/18/A/New Mexico/07
ATAGRGATC----------   2008/02/05/A/Oklahoma/02
ATAGRGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/04/A/Florida/12
ATAGRGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/30/A/New York/03
ATAGRGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/02/20/A/Oklahoma/03
ATAGRGTCCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/01/29/A/California/05
ATGGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/12/12/A/Illinois/17
ATGGGGACT----------   2008/02/14/A/North Carolina/05
GTGGAGACCCTTGCTCCAA   2007/11/06/A/Colorado/27
GTGGAGACT----------   2007/10/03/A/Victoria/07159220
GTGGAGACT----------   2008/01/07/A/Florida/08
GTGGAGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/10/15/A/Colorado/25
GTGGAGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/12/16/A/Illinois/13
GTGGAGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2008/01/25/A/Hawaii/06
GTGGAGACTTTTGCTCCAA   2007/11/12/A/Colorado/21
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/09/04/A/South Australia/423/
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/10/29/A/Honduras/AF1970
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/12/03/A/California/40
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/12/05/A/California/39
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/12/06/A/Colorado/33
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/12/29/A/North Dakota/05
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/12/31/A/Colorado/AF1215
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/01/A/Colorado/AF1217
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/09/A/Washington/AF1332
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/09/A/Washington/AF1333
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/13/A/Louisiana/03
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/21/A/Nebraska/01
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/24/A/Mississippi/06
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/27/A/Maryland/AF1280
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/28/A/Colorado/AF1218
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/29/A/Washington/AF1341
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/30/A/Washington/AF1342
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/04/A/Colorado/AF1219
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/06/A/South Dakota/AF1301
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/11/A/Washington/AF1343
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/19/A/South Carolina/AF1298
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/19/A/Washington/AF1344
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/22/A/South Carolina/AF1893
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/26/A/Florida/AF1222
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/27/A/Washington/AF1347
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/27/A/Washington/AF1891
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/03/11/A/Illinois/06
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/11/01/A/Florida/05
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/12/09/A/Colorado/39
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/12/10/A/Pennsylvania/11
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/12/12/A/Pennsylvania/14
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/12/20/A/Pennsylvania/16
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/12/21/A/Pennsylvania/15
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2008/01/17/A/Memphis/07
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2008/01/25/A/New Jersey/09
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2008/12/24/A/Stockholm/6
GTGGGGACTTTTGCTCCAA   2007/09/11/A/Brisbane/334
GTGGRGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2008/01/28/A/New York/01
TTAGGGATC----------   2008/02/27/A/Germany/AF1974

[gsgs]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

looks as if flu (Tamiflu-resistant H1N1) _did_ oversummer last year in USA.

A/Memphis/03/2008/01/15
A/North Carolina/02/2008/02/05

are the only available viruses from before Oct.2008
which are similar enough to this season's H1N1 in USA.


it may also have gone from USA to the tropes or Southern Hemisphere
(but not isolated+uploaded there)
and then returned in November to USA

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

looks as if flu (Tamiflu-resistant H1N1) _did_ oversummer last year in USA.

A/Memphis/03/2008/01/15
A/North Carolina/02/2008/02/05

are the only available viruses from before Oct.2008
which are similar enough to this season's H1N1 in USA.


it may also have gone from USA to the tropes or Southern Hemisphere
(but not isolated+uploaded there)
and then returned in November to USA

Last season there were sequences in the US, England, and Romania (and all had A193T, as do all published sequence from this season) that were precusors to the sequences that fixed H274Y throughout the northern hemisphere this season, which is detailed in the text and figures (phylogenetic trees) at

http://precedings.nature.com/documents/2832/version/1

[Giuseppe]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir - 2008/2009 influenza season (Updated at 1/22/2009)

Influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir - 2008/2009 influenza season

22 January 2009

[Original PDF Document at LINK. EDITED.]

Influenza activity remained low during the weeks 45?48 (2 - 29 November 2008) and began to increase in several countries during the weeks 49-50. During the weeks 51-52, influenza activity increased particularly in some European countries with reports of widespread activity in Portugal and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, regional activity in the Netherlands
and Spain, and local activity in Italy.

The majority of viruses identified this season in Europe have been influenza A (H3N2). Low levels of activity were reported for the United States of America and Canada with the predominant types detected being influenza A (H1N1) and B respectively.

Sporadic influenza activity was observed in Belgium (A), Cameroon (A, B), Canada (A,B), China (H1,H3,B), China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (H1,H3,B), Finland (A,B), Germany (H1,H3, B), Greece (A) , Iran (H3), Israel (A,B), Japan (H1,H3, B), Latvia (A) , Luxembourg (A), Morocco (H1,B), Netherlands (H3), Norway (H1,H3,B), Russian Federation (H1,H3,B), Slovenia (H1,H3), Switzerland (H3), Tunisia (H1,B) and the United States of America (H1,H3,B).

WHO has received several reports from National Influenza Centres (NIC) regarding influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir for the 2008/2009 influenza season (weeks 45-52; Table 1). High prevalence of oseltamivir resistance in A(H1N1) viruses was detected in WHO Region for the Americas (19 of 19 in Canada, 97 of 100 in the United States of America, 4 of 5 in Mexico), in European Region (8 of 8 in Germany, 9 of 9 in Norway, 5 of 5 in Spain, 36 of 37 in the United Kingdom) and in Western Pacific Region (132 of 133 in the Republic of Korea, 34 of 35 in Japan).

Global data about this phenomenon is collected by WHO from multiple laboratories participating in the Global Influenza Surveillance Network. Data from European countries participating in EISS were provided by the EISS and VILGIL project.

Oseltamivir resistance results were based on phenotypic and/or genotypic analyses.

A table of influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir for of the second and third quarter 2008 can be found in Table 2.


<table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">From TABLES</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">From TABLES</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">From TABLES</td></tr></tbody></table>

-
------

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

looks as if flu (Tamiflu-resistant H1N1) _did_ oversummer last year in USA.

A/Memphis/03/2008/01/15
A/North Carolina/02/2008/02/05

are the only available viruses from before Oct.2008
which are similar enough to this season's H1N1 in USA.


it may also have gone from USA to the tropes or Southern Hemisphere
(but not isolated+uploaded there)
and then returned in November to USA

Clade 2B sequences with A193T

gb|FJ687033.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/21/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687031.1| Influenza A virus (A/Wisconsin/16/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687030.1| Influenza A virus (A/South Carolina/06/2008(H1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687028.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/23/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687025.1| Influenza A virus (A/Illinois/15/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687024.1| Influenza A virus (A/Delaware/01/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687022.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/08/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687019.1| Influenza A virus (A/Michigan/06/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687017.1| Influenza A virus (A/Massachusetts/08/2008(H1N... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687015.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/38/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687013.1| Influenza A virus (A/Florida/21/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687011.1| Influenza A virus (A/South Carolina/06/2008(H1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687009.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/08/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687006.1| Influenza A virus (A/Minnesota/27/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687004.1| Influenza A virus (A/Massachusetts/09/2008(H1N... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687003.1| Influenza A virus (A/Illinois/17/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687001.1| Influenza A virus (A/Alaska/05/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686999.1| Influenza A virus (A/North Dakota/01/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686997.1| Influenza A virus (A/Michigan/05/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686995.1| Influenza A virus (A/Illinois/16/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686993.1| Influenza A virus (A/Florida/24/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686987.1| Influenza A virus (A/Florida/18/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686985.1| Influenza A virus (A/Arizona/13/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686983.1| Influenza A virus (A/Washington/08/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686979.1| Influenza A virus (A/Tennessee/11/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686977.1| Influenza A virus (A/Massachusetts/08/2008(H1N... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686973.1| Influenza A virus (A/Maryland/04/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686971.1| Influenza A virus (A/Idaho/23/2008(H1N1)) segm... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686969.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/20/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686968.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/20/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686965.1| Influenza A virus (A/Florida/19/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686958.1| Influenza A virus (A/Nebraska/07/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686954.1| Influenza A virus (A/Wisconsin/17/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686951.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/46/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686949.1| Influenza A virus (A/Arizona/13/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662926.1| Influenza A virus (A/Mbagathi/7596/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662925.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7577/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662924.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7576/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662923.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7570/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662921.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7562/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662920.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7559/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662918.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7547/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662916.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7541/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ654323.1| Influenza A virus (A/Bucuresti/229/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549068.1| Influenza A virus (A/Wisconsin/12/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549062.1| Influenza A virus (A/Texas/16/2008(H1N1)) segm... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549058.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/19/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549051.1| Influenza A virus (A/Texas/15/2008(H1N1)) segm... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549049.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/08/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549047.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/08/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549045.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/21/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549041.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/09/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549040.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/09/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ532073.1| Influenza A virus (A/Washington/05/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|FJ445089.1| Influenza A virus (A/England/557/2007(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|CY034590.1| Influenza A virus (A/Texas/AF1960/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|CY034537.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/AF1894/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU914916.1| Influenza A virus (A/Johannesburg/46/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|EU914915.1| Influenza A virus (A/Johannesburg/35/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|EU914914.1| Influenza A virus (A/Johannesburg/34/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|EU914911.1| Influenza A virus (A/Johannesburg/25/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|EU914909.1| Influenza A virus (A/Johannesburg/10/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|EU887034.1| Influenza A virus (A/South Carolina/01/2008(H1... 32.2 11
gb|EU887030.1| Influenza A virus (A/Wisconsin/01/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|EU851981.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/02/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|EU779626.1| Influenza A virus (A/North Carolina/02/2008(H1... 32.2 11
gb|EU779618.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/10/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU779616.1| Influenza A virus (A/Memphis/03/2008(H1N1)) he... 32.2 11
gb|EU716598.1| Influenza A virus (A/Washington/01/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU716548.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/08/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|CY031484.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/AF1291/2008(H1... 32.2 11
gb|EU624319.1| Influenza A virus (A/England/557/2007(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|EU567013.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/05/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU566982.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/20/2007(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU566979.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/06/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU566976.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/02/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|EU566970.1| Influenza A virus (A/Maryland/04/2007(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|EU516258.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/16/2007(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU516083.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/15/2007(H1N1))... 32.2 11

[gsgs]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

I think you missed the fixing of H274Y.

[gsgs]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

origin of the Brisbane strain:

http://magictour.free.fr/panflu/brisb1.GIF

examining HA+NA from 147 viruses.
It would be useful to have more full genomes here, mutations
in HA and NA are often non-synonymous which could
make the picture less clearer (wider spread)

the vertical entries are random, just to demonstrate the density.
Most common ancestors are in early 2007

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

origin of the Brisbane strain:

http://magictour.free.fr/panflu/brisb1.GIF

examining HA+NA from 147 viruses.
It would be useful to have more full genomes here, mutations
in HA and NA are often non-synonymous which could
make the picture less clearer (wider spread)

the vertical entries are random, just to demonstrate the density.
Most common ancestors are in early 2007

The key event for the fixing of H274Y in the Brisbane strain (clade 2B) was the acquisition of HA A193T from the Hong Kong strain (clade 2C).
Recombination remains the name of the game.

[Giuseppe]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

[From Italian Ministry of Health weekly update. LINK. IOH.]

(...)
Figure1. Phylogenetic tree for HA1 portion of hemagglutinin of H1N1 viruses isolated during 2008/2009 season in Italy, with particular attention to Parma's isolates.

With respect to trivalent influenza vaccine reference strain, it is noteworthy the homology between Italian H1N1 isolates and the vaccine strain A/Brisbane/59/07(H1N1).

However, Italian A/(H1N1) isolates show several amino-acid changes in HA (A189T, G185A, S141N), respect to vaccine strain.

<table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">From TABLES</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">From TABLES</td></tr></tbody></table>

Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of HA1 domain of HA, recent Italian A/(H1N1) virus isolates. (Elaborated by ISS through Kimura 2 method for the genetic distance calculation and Neighbor-Joining algorithm for phylogenetic tree building.)

(...)
-
-----

[gsgs]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

same for Tamiflu resistant viruses (H274Y=H275Y) only:

http://magictour.free.fr/panflu/brisb3.GIF

suggesting the common ancestor in 2nd half of 2007
while the Brisbane strain started wide spreading in the 1st half.

A/California/05/2007/01/29 was an early member of the Brisbane strain,
maybe it should be called California strain