Five cases of plague confirmed in Tobruk, Libya, 2009

[alert]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

So having reread this thread looking for Libyan sources only, I believe the Libyan position is that there were a few cases of bubonic (not pneumonic) plague, possibly three in one family with one death (possible simultaneous exposure), and as a precaution they identified and isolated a couple dozen suspicious cases, at least one of whom died. But they think most of the other suspected cases have been excluded. (As I stated repeatedly, many different illnesses can look like plague, especially if there is a lot of fear around). By this logic, the case in Alexandria might test positive for plague, but his illness could just as easily be caused by strep or staph or anthrax or any other bacteria.

Only time will tell if this story is correct, or if some of the more alarming possibilities above are correct.

[Twall]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

well thats sort of odd why start at the other end of egypt with a rat and mice control program?

Translation: Arabic ? English
لمنع انتشار الطاعون..
وزارة البيئة تعلن الحرب على الفئران
الجمعة، 19 يونيو 2009 - 18:32


المهندس ماجد جورج وزير البيئة
كتب ماهر عبد الواحد


بدأت وزارة البيئة فى وضع الاشتراطات البيئية لوضع خطة قومية للتخلص من الفئران والقوارض على مستوى الجمهورية، كإجراء وقائى من مرض الطاعون، الذى ظهر فى إحدى القرى الليبية بالقرب من مدينه السلوم على الحدود المصرية الغربية.

الهدف من الخطة هو القضاء على الفئران والقوارض والبراغيث، باعتبارها أهم أسباب نقل مرض الطاعون، خطة الوزارة تبدأ برفع أكوام القمامة، ورش المناطق المهجورة والمخازن الحكومية التى تعتبر من أكبر بؤر تربية الفئران فى مصر، وهو ما كشف عنه عدد من طلبات الإحاطة بالمحليات، خاصة فى محافظة الجيزة التى تشكلت بها لجنة قبل تحرك وزارة البيئة لمكافحة القوارض من مديريات الصحة والبيئة والطب البيطرى، يرأسها محافظ الجيزة، تكون مهمتها القضاء على الفئران باستخدام المبيدات والسموم وكذلك مصائد الفئران To prevent the spread of the plague ..
The Ministry of the Environment declared war on rats
Friday, June 19, 2009 - 18:32


Engineer Maged George, Minister of the Environment
Books Maher Abdel Wahed


Started in the Ministry of the Environment in the development of environmental requirements for the development of a national plan to get rid of mice and rats at the level of the Republic, as a precautionary measure disease plague, which appeared in a village near the city of the Libyan Salloum on the Egyptian border the West.

The objective of the plan is to eliminate the rats, fleas and rodents, as the most important reasons for the transfer of disease, plague, the Ministry's plan to lift the piles of garbage, workshops and storage areas, the government abandoned one of the biggest hotbeds of breeding rats in Egypt, as revealed by a number of requests for municipal briefing, particularly in Giza, which was established by the Commission before moving to the Ministry of Environment and rodent control of the directorates of health, environment, veterinary medicine, headed by the Governor of Giza, the mission of eradicating the use of pesticides, rat poison and mice traps

[Twall]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

Translation: Arabic ? English
إجراءات مكثفة بمطروح لمواجهة الطاعون
الجمعة، 19 يونيو 2009 - 18:35


الطاعون يهدد حدودنا الشمالية
مطروح ـ حسن مشالى


إلى داخل الحدود المصرية، حيث قرر اللواء سعد خليل محافظ مطروح تشغيل غرفة عمليات وطوارئ بمركزى السلوم وسيدى برانى للعمل ورصد التطورات على مدار 24 ساعة، تحسباً لانتقال وباء مرض الطاعون بواسطة القوارض بالمناطق الزراعية بمحافظة مطروح، وتشكيل لجان للمتابعة المكثفة بالتنسيق مع إدارة الأزمات بالمحافظة ونشر وحدات مكافحة القوارض بالمناطق الحدودية.

وصرح مصدر بمديرية الزراعة بمطروح أن الإدارة المركزية لمكافحة الآفات قامت بتوفير 100 كجم من مبيد فوسفيد زنك و250 كجم من مبيد سوبركييد و5 أطنان ذرة مجروشة وقمح بهدف مواجهة خطر الطاعون المنتشر بالقرب من الحدود المصرية.

أضاف المصدر أن إدارة مكافحة الآفات ستقوم خلال 48 ساعة بمد مديرية الزراعة بمحافظة مطروح بالمبيدات والسموم والطعوم المتخصصة لمكافحة القوارض. بالإضافة إلى توفير سيارات بحد أدنى عدد سيارتين إضافة إلى سيارات المكافحة الموجودة بالمحافظة، وذلك لتسهيل سرعة الوصول للمناطق البعيدة والقريبة على الحدود. وصرح المهندس سيد دبور، مدير شئون البيئة بمحافظة مطروح، أن مدينتى السلوم ومرسى مطروح بدأتا عمليات رش تجمعات القمامة بمواد مطهرة عقب رفع المخلفات مباشرة كإجراء وقائى واحترازى ضمن إجراءات مواجهة وباء الطاعون الذى ظهر بمدينة طبرق الليبية.

يذكر أن حجم القمامة والمخلفات بمدينة مرسى مطروح وحدها يصل إلى حوالى 300 طن فى اليوم خلال فصل الصيف، ويحتاج ما بين 300 إلى 500 عامل نظافة، وهو العدد الذى فشلت مدينة مرسى مطروح فى تدبيره.

Bmatarouh intensive action to address the plague
Friday, June 19, 2009 - 18:35


Plague threat to our northern border
Is good Mashaly


Into the Egyptian border, where the governor, Major General Saad Khalil is the operation room and emergency operations centers Salloum and Sidi Barrani to work and to monitor developments over the 24 hours, in anticipation of the transmission of disease, plague of rodents in agricultural areas through the province before, and set up committees to follow up in coordination with the intensive crisis management to preserve and disseminate rodent control units and border areas.

The source said that the Department of Agriculture Bmatarouh Central Administration for Pest Control has provided 100 kilograms of zinc phosphide pesticide and 250 kg of pesticide and Sobrkd Mgrocp 5 tons of corn and wheat in order to face the danger of plague spreading, near the Egyptian border.

The source added that the management of pest control will be extended during the 48 hours before the Department of Agriculture Province of poisons and insecticides and bait for rodent control specialist. In addition to providing a minimum number of vehicles in addition to the two cars to maintain the existing control, in order to facilitate the rapid access to areas near and far, on the border. And Mr. Dabbour Engineer, Director of Matrouh Governorate environment, and that the towns of Marsa Matrouh SALLUM began spraying communities garbage with disinfectant residues directly following the adjournment as a preventative action in the face of a plague epidemic, which emerged the Libyan city of Tobruk.

Mentioned that the volume of garbage and waste in Marsa Matrouh, only up to about 300 tons per day during the summer, and needs between 300 to 500 a cleaner, a number that failed the city of Marsa Matrouh in the offing.

[Twall]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

So having reread this thread looking for Libyan sources only, I believe the Libyan position is that there were a few cases of bubonic (not pneumonic) plague, possibly three in one family with one death (possible simultaneous exposure), and as a precaution they identified and isolated a couple dozen suspicious cases, at least one of whom died. But they think most of the other suspected cases have been excluded. (As I stated repeatedly, many different illnesses can look like plague, especially if there is a lot of fear around). By this logic, the case in Alexandria might test positive for plague, but his illness could just as easily be caused by strep or staph or anthrax or any other bacteria.

Only time will tell if this story is correct, or if some of the more alarming possibilities above are correct.

I can tell you they are screening people in sullum as they they had a section on tv.(authorities of marsa matrouh). they are screening for the plague and cases of flu's they said the numbers of people mention as having crossed the border is wrong.as many people are being sent back when something shows up during testing as positive they are giving documents which indicate what was done and whats meds were issued then sent back to Libya even if one family member test positive they all go back. the news show confirmed its the plague but not which type.

it also indicated a lack of facilities for quarantine care of those which have been effected.

[Twall]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

Translation: Arabic ? English
المريض الليبى يعانى من بكتيريا وليس مصابا بالطاعون
الجمعة، 19 يونيو 2009 - 22:53

الإسكندرية - جاكلين منير


أكد الدكتور علاء عبد المجيد، مدير مستشفى مركز سموحة الطبى، أن حالة المريض الليبى فضيل محمد مختار، عامل بناء من طبرق الليبية، ليس لها علاقة بمرض الطاعون، وإنما الإصابة جاءت بسبب نوع من البكتيريا يسمى "كليبسومينيا"، التى تسببت فى إصابته بتسمم فى الدم، وفشل تام فى كل أجهزة الجسم، طبقا لما جاء بنتيجة التحاليل التى أجريت له بالمستشفى.

وأشار عبد المجيد إلى أن المريض جاء إلى المستشفى فى حالة سيئة جدا وغيبوبة تامة، رجح عبد المجيد سببها إلى إصابة المريض بفشل فى جهازه التنفسى، ولم يتلق العلاج الكافى، مثل تناول نوع معين من المضادات الحيوية والأكسجين الكافى مما تسبب فى إصابته بهذا النوع من البكتيريا، حيث ظل المريض بمستشفى آخر بليبيا لمدة أسبوع قبل انتقاله إلى الإسكندرية بعد أن ساءت حالته.

وأكد عبد المجيد أن المريض فى حالة مستقرة الآن وسيخرج من المستشفى خلال اليومين القادمين بعد تحسن حالته، نافيا إصابته بمرض الطاعون، مشيرا إلى أن وزارة الصحة قد قامت بتشكيل لجنة لأخذ عينات من المستشفى وفريق طبى وجهاز التنفس الصناعى الذى استخدمه المريض وتم الكشف عنها بالمعامل المركزية بالقاهرة وجاءت جميعها سلبية.

من جهة أخرى أكد الدكتور حازم رشاد، أستاذ المسالك البولية بمستشفى مركز سموحة الطبى، أن الشائعات تناقلت بسبب أهل المريض الذين حضروا لزيارته حامدين الله على شفائه بعد اعتقادهم بأنه مصاب بالطاعون، بعد إصابة صديقين له بليبيا بالمرض، والذين توفوا على الفور

Libyan patient suffering from bacteria and does not have the plague
Friday, June 19, 2009 - 22:53

Alexandria - Jacqueline Munir


Dr. Alaa Abdel Meguid, Director Simoha Medical Center Hospital, the patient's condition Fidail Libyan Mohammed Mokhtar, a construction worker from Tobruk Libyan, nothing to do with the plague, but the injury came as a result of a type of bacteria called "Claibsominia", which caused the poisoning in the blood, and the failure of all organs of the body, according to the outcome of tests he underwent in hospital.

Abdul-Majid noted that the patient came to hospital in very poor condition and a coma, the full, most likely due to the Abdul-Majid, the failure of the patient's injury in its respiratory system, and had not received adequate treatment, such as eating a certain type of antibiotics and enough oxygen, causing injury to this type of bacteria , with the patient's hospital in Libya for the last week before moving to Alexandria after his condition worsened.

Al-Majid, the patient is now in stable condition and released from the hospital within two days after improvement in his condition, died of plague denied, pointing out that the Ministry of Health has set up a committee to take samples from the hospital and a medical team and a breathing machine used by the patient were detected by the central labs Cairo, and all came negative.

The other hand, Dr. Hazem Rashad, Professor of Urology Simoha Hospital Medical Center, reported that the rumors because of the people who attended the patient to visit Hamedin God for his recovery after suffering from a belief that the plague, after injuring two of his friends, Libya, the disease, and those who died on the spot

[Shannon Bennett]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

Swine were used for garbage removal in Egypt. When you get rid of the pigs you have a bloom in the population of other vermin. Rats are a prime example of opportunistic feeders of garbage. Once the swine were removed from the systemic removal of garbage something had to come in to take their place. This was a no win situation for Egypt. As swine are believed to be a perfect mixing vessel for H5N1 and H1N1 in a country with endemic H5N1 the government felt they had no choice except removing the pigs. Now we have another mammal transmitting disease. I hope they can control the rats on the border with Libya as introducing them to the rat population in Cairo would be disastrous.

[sharon sanders]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

Where are the cats?? In Indonesia approximately 25% of the feral cats tested positive for H5N1.

[AlaskaDenise]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

Shannon - when we first discussed the possibility of rat increases from swine slaughters, I never thought of plague. I don't believe anyone considered the rats as influenza vectors after swine eradication. Long ago we discussed rats as a vector in Indonesia. see...

Influenza virus infection of newborn rats: virulence of recombinant strains prepared from influenza virus strain A/Okuda/57

C. TEH, R. JENNINGS and C. W. POTTER
Department of Virology, Academic Division of Pathology, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX

Received September 29, 1979
Accepted October 24, 1979

Infant rats were infected intranasally with wild influenza virus strains, attenuated strain A/Okuda/57 or recombinants prepared from these parents. The growth of viruses in the turbinates or lungs, and the ability of virus infections to potentiate subsequent bacterial infection by Haemophilus influen-zae (HIb) were measured. The two wild strains of virus and a recombinant strain WRL105, known to be virulent for man, reached titres of 105·1 – 106·5 EBID50/ml in the turbinates of infant rats 48 h after infection; infection by these viruses was followed by HIb bacteraemia in 77-92% and meningitis in 58-75% of animals. In contrast, virus strains known to be attenuated for man grew to lower titres in infant-rat turbinates and promoted a lower incidence of systemic infection by HIb than the virulent strains. A comparison of the various results of infection of infant rats with influenza virus strains of known pathogenicity for man indicated that the subsequent incidence of HIb bacteraemia was the most discriminating measurement of virus virulence; the range of yields of attenuated virus in rat turbinates overlapped that of virulent strains. These results, together with those of previous studies, indicate that the behaviour of influenza viruses in infant rats is an indication of virus virulence for man, and could provide a test of virulence that would facilitate the development of live attenuated virus vaccines for human use.

http://jmm.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/297

[Shannon Bennett]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

As I said, this was a no win scenario for Egypt. We knew the rat population would explode and with it the possibility of diseases carried by rats. It hadn't crossed my mind that rats themselves would be a possible vector for flu nor a mixing vessel for flu reassortment.

[Twall]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

Medical Officials: Bubonic Plague in Tubruq Under Control, No Swine Flu Cases in Libya
19/06/2009 20:11:00


Libyan medical officials confirmed on Tuesday that bubonic plague that was discovered recently in eastern Libya was completely under control and all cases have been cured.

They also dismissed reports that a Libyan youth returning from Egypt had swine flu.

Speaking to Oea daily on Tuesday, Mr. Abdul Hafidh Abu Dhair, Director of the National Center for Control and Prevention of Endemic Diseases, said if such thing had happened we would have reported it immediately.

He said extra control measures have been undertaken by Libyan authorities since first swine flu case was reported in Egypt.

On his part, Dr. Abdulfattah Zaiyed, Director of Jamhuriya Hospital in Benghazi, said the bubonic plague in Tubruq, which he termed "bacterial poisonous" was under control.

Zaiyed told Oea that causes of the plague happened two months and a half ago as a result of replacing old water and oil pipelines in the villages of Al-Watter, Tarsha and Batrouna south of Tubruq.

It was found that a number of case were infected and later diagnosed as Yersinia pestis.

The plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis, primarily circulates among rodents and their fleas but occasionally spreads to humans. It is transmitted mainly by flea bites, direct contact, or inhalation of contaminated respiratory droplets.

Thirteen cases of bubonic plague have been recorded including one death. Oea reported on Wednesday that one case of Bubonic Plague was in a hospital in Alexandria, Egypt was initially resisted treatment because of misdiagnoses.

Libyan physicians said they provided Egyptian doctors with all information about the disease and the types of medication that must be administered but they ignored the advice.

Later, the Egyptians accepted Libyan doctors' recommendations and the case began to recover. A team of specialized doctors are currently in Tubruq monitoring the situation.
Meanwhile, the World Health Organization has already visited the inflected area for assessment of the situation.

According to Aphaluck Bhatiasevi, spokeswomen for the WHO, the organization received a request from Libya on Tuesday to investigate the claims in Tubruq.

Health Secretary Mohamad Hijazi said on Wednesday "the situation is under control. We are leading a massive campaign to clean up and disinfect the place."

He said cowsheds had been destroyed and a foreign pest control firm sent to eradicate the rats, in an operation to be supervised by a World Health Organisation (WHO) representative and a French expert.

Hijazi said the illness had previously hit Libya in the 1970s and 1980s.

[alert]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

Translation: Arabic » English
المريض الليبى يعانى من بكتيريا وليس مصابا بالطاعون
الجمعة، 19 يونيو 2009 - 22:53

الإسكندرية - جاكلين منير


أكد الدكتور علاء عبد المجيد، مدير مستشفى مركز سموحة الطبى، أن حالة المريض الليبى فضيل محمد مختار، عامل بناء من طبرق الليبية، ليس لها علاقة بمرض الطاعون، وإنما الإصابة جاءت بسبب نوع من البكتيريا يسمى "كليبسومينيا"، التى تسببت فى إصابته بتسمم فى الدم، وفشل تام فى كل أجهزة الجسم، طبقا لما جاء بنتيجة التحاليل التى أجريت له بالمستشفى.

وأشار عبد المجيد إلى أن المريض جاء إلى المستشفى فى حالة سيئة جدا وغيبوبة تامة، رجح عبد المجيد سببها إلى إصابة المريض بفشل فى جهازه التنفسى، ولم يتلق العلاج الكافى، مثل تناول نوع معين من المضادات الحيوية والأكسجين الكافى مما تسبب فى إصابته بهذا النوع من البكتيريا، حيث ظل المريض بمستشفى آخر بليبيا لمدة أسبوع قبل انتقاله إلى الإسكندرية بعد أن ساءت حالته.

وأكد عبد المجيد أن المريض فى حالة مستقرة الآن وسيخرج من المستشفى خلال اليومين القادمين بعد تحسن حالته، نافيا إصابته بمرض الطاعون، مشيرا إلى أن وزارة الصحة قد قامت بتشكيل لجنة لأخذ عينات من المستشفى وفريق طبى وجهاز التنفس الصناعى الذى استخدمه المريض وتم الكشف عنها بالمعامل المركزية بالقاهرة وجاءت جميعها سلبية.

من جهة أخرى أكد الدكتور حازم رشاد، أستاذ المسالك البولية بمستشفى مركز سموحة الطبى، أن الشائعات تناقلت بسبب أهل المريض الذين حضروا لزيارته حامدين الله على شفائه بعد اعتقادهم بأنه مصاب بالطاعون، بعد إصابة صديقين له بليبيا بالمرض، والذين توفوا على الفور

Libyan patient suffering from bacteria and does not have the plague
Friday, June 19, 2009 - 22:53

Alexandria - Jacqueline Munir


Dr. Alaa Abdel Meguid, Director Simoha Medical Center Hospital, the patient's condition Fidail Libyan Mohammed Mokhtar, a construction worker from Tobruk Libyan, nothing to do with the plague, but the injury came as a result of a type of bacteria called "Claibsominia", which caused the poisoning in the blood, and the failure of all organs of the body, according to the outcome of tests he underwent in hospital.

Abdul-Majid noted that the patient came to hospital in very poor condition and a coma, the full, most likely due to the Abdul-Majid, the failure of the patient's injury in its respiratory system, and had not received adequate treatment, such as eating a certain type of antibiotics and enough oxygen, causing injury to this type of bacteria , with the patient's hospital in Libya for the last week before moving to Alexandria after his condition worsened.

Al-Majid, the patient is now in stable condition and released from the hospital within two days after improvement in his condition, died of plague denied, pointing out that the Ministry of Health has set up a committee to take samples from the hospital and a medical team and a breathing machine used by the patient were detected by the central labs Cairo, and all came negative.

The other hand, Dr. Hazem Rashad, Professor of Urology Simoha Hospital Medical Center, reported that the rumors because of the people who attended the patient to visit Hamedin God for his recovery after suffering from a belief that the plague, after injuring two of his friends, Libya, the disease, and those who died on the spot

Can we get a more accurate translation of this? Does that last statement mention that two of his contacts either became ill or died? Or is that a mistranslation/rumor? This case is negative for the plague, so if some contact got severely ill or died, we have a problem. But I think that is a mistranslation.

[Laidback Al]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

The news article posted by Twall (#111) indicates a bacterial infection. Below is the image attached to the news article (#111), presumably for "Claibsominia".

[alert]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

The news article posted by Twall (#111) indicates a bacterial infection. Below is the image attached to the news article (#111), presumably for "Claibsominia".

[ATTACH]3419[/ATTACH]

I think that Egyptian case did not have plague, and a bacterial infection would certainly be consistent. I think the last sentence there is talking about rumors of plague and deaths, not actual illness in contacts.

I actually don't know if anyone in this whole incident has plague, as a lot of the articles talk about a "bacterial poison".

If a couple of his contacts really got severely ill or died, then something would be really wrong. That would suggest an unknown agent, with the bacterial infection just a superinfection, possibly hospital acquired. Keep in mind this case was ill for 2-3 weeks before arriving in that Alexandria hospital, so detection of the cause of his illness might be difficult. While I'm not sure exactly what strain is "Claibsominia" (maybe Klebsiella?), I know of no bacterial agent other than plague that would be contagious like that and so severe.

[Commonground]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

The news article posted by Twall (#111) indicates a bacterial infection. Below is the image attached to the news article (#111), presumably for "Claibsominia".

No, this is a generic image that has been attached to every article from that particular site re: plague

[Twall]

Re: Illness in Libya (poss. plague) & Ministry of Health in Egypt is Preparing Procedures

Alert,

they have been using the same photo on all plague articles from that site.

the Arabic version says in Arabic, the rumors were started when his visiting family members were praying and thanking god for his recovery, because two of his "friends" in Libya contracted the plague and died from it instantly. (its not a rumor his two friends died in Libya from the plague).

the Arabic word used to describe/name the condition does translate based on sound to this writing "Claibsominia". as to what it means I'm clueless the arabic medical term would not come up in any search i did.

I think I would trust the information from Libya on this issue one person with some type of plague was treated in Egypt. Arabs are a proud people and often refuse to admit to any error or type of oversight.

I read in one of the articles something that indicated the person picked up the bacteria infection in Egypt,which means at some point he should of been being treated for another issue which was most likely the plague as Libya indicates. and since the person was treated after the fact in Egypt he would now show negative results now.

this sounds like a case of half truths being told to the public to save face in the Arab world and to slow down mass panic which could result in Egypt .


just saw this today it was attached to another article sort of sounds like number two listed below imho

D. Hadi Mesbah answer questions about swine flu: What is plague?

٢٠/ ٦/ ٢٠٠٩ 20 / 6 / 2009
ما هو الطاعون؟ What is the plague? وهل هناك قلق من ظهوره فى ليبيا على المقيمين فى مصر؟ Is there a concern about his appearance in Libya on living in Egypt? وهل يوجد تطعيم ضد الطاعون يستلزم أخذه؟ Is there a vaccine against the plague requires taking? فاطمة محمد وآخرون كثيرون يسألون نفس السؤال. Fatma Mohammed and many others asking the same question.

الطاعون مرض معدٍ قديم تسبب فى كثير من الأوبئة التى حصدت الملايين فى العصور القديمة والوسطى، وكان يسمى بالموت الأسود نظراً لانتشار بقع نزفية منتشرة تحت الجلد من ضمن ما يحدثه من أعراض، ومع ظهور أى وباء جديد قاتل مثل الإيدز يطلقون عليه «طاعون العصر» إشارة لما يمكن أن يسببه من خسائر فى الأرواح، An infectious disease plague, caused many of the epidemics that killed millions of people in ancient and medieval times, and was called the Black Death because of the spread of hemorrhagic spots under the skin are among the impact of the symptoms, and with the emergence of a new deadly epidemic such as AIDS, called «the plague of the times» reference As can be caused by the loss of life,

وسبب الطاعون نوع من البكتيريا تسمى «يرسينيا بستس yersenia pestis» نسبة إلى مكتشفها الأول «أليكساندر بستس»، وهذه البكتيريا تحتفظ بها القوارض مثل الفئران، وتتكاثر بداخلها وتنمو، وتنتقل عدواها إلى الإنسان عن طريق البراغيث التى تلدغ الفأر المعدِى ثم تلدغ الإنسان، أو نتيجة عض الفئران المعدية للإنسان بشكل مباشر، أو من إنسان إلى آخر بشكل مباشر أيضاً عن طريق الرذاذ والكحة والعطس فى حالة الطاعون الرئوى. The reason for the plague of the type of bacteria called «Yersinia Bsts yersenia pestis» Mkchwha relative to the first «Bsts Alexander», and the bacteria retained by rodents such as mice, and grow and multiply inside, and the move spread to humans by fleas, which then bites the mouse infectious human bites, or as a result Place the mouse infectious to humans directly, or from one person to another directly also through the spray, cough and sneezing in the case of pneumonic plague.

وفترة الحضانة ما بين التقاط العدوى وظهور الأعراض المرضية تتراوح ما بين ٢ - ٦ أيام حسب نوع الطاعون، وهناك ثلاثة أنواع معروفة من الطاعون: The incubation period between infection and the appearance of symptoms ranged from 2 to 6 days depending on the type of plague, and there are three types of plague:

١- طاعون الغدد الليمفاوية Bubonic plague: ويمثل حوالى ٨٤% من الإصابات بالطاعون، ويحدث عندما يلدغ البرغوث المعدى الإنسان بعد أن يلدغ الفأر المصاب بالعدوى، فينقل إليه عدوى بكتيريا الطاعون، التى تتكاثر وتنتشر فى مكان اللدغة، ثم تنتشر عن طريق السائل الليمفاوى إلى الغدد الليمفاوية (الحيل) الموجودة فى هذه المنطقة، ثم الموجودة فى الجسم كله، مما يسبب تضخمها فى الحجم، وارتفاعاً فى درجة الحرارة، 1 - the plague of lymph nodes Bubonic plague: and represents about 84% of the plague of injuries, occurs when the human infectious flea bite after bite infected mouse infection, the infection relates to the plague bacteria, which multiply and spread at the site of the bite, and then spread through the liquid to the WHO glands nodes (tricks) in this region, then existing in the whole body, causing inflation in volume and a rise in temperature,

وحدوث آلام شديدة بها، وأحياناً تقرحات ونزفاً، وفى هذه الأثناء تفرز بكتيريا الطاعون سموماً خطيرة B-adrenergic blocker تسبب مضاعفات قد تنتهى بالموت . And the occurrence of severe pain, and sometimes ulceration and bleeding, and in the meantime the plague bacteria produce toxins serious B-adrenergic blocker may cause complications end with death. وهذا النوع يمكن علاجه إذا تم اكتشافه فى مرحلة مبكرة، ويوجد له تطعيم ولقاح واق. This type can be cured if detected at an early stage, there is a protective vaccine and vaccination.

٢- طاعون تلوث الدم septicemic plague: ويحدث فى ١٣% من حالات العدوى، نتيجة المضاعفات التى تحدث من النوعين الآخرين من الطاعون، حيث تسبب العدوى البكتيرية تلوثاً فى الدم، وتبدأ السموم الداخلية «إندوتوكسين» للبكتيريا تنتشر فى الدم، وتحدث حالة متناقضة من التجلطات داخل الأوعية الدموية، والنزيف DIC الذى قد يظهر على شكل بقع نزفية غامقة تحت الجلد (وهو ما أعطاه اسم الموت الأسود) أو من أماكن مختلفة من الجسم داخلياً وخارجياً، وكحة أو قيئاً مصحوباً بدم، مع حدوث أعراض التسمم، 2 -

(2)the plague of blood contamination of septicemic plague: occurs in 13% of cases of infection, as a result of complications that occur from other types of plague, causing bacterial infection in a contaminated blood, and begin the internal toxins «Indooudi» spread of the bacteria in the blood, and spoke of the paradoxical situation Altjltat within the blood vessels, bleeding and DIC, which may appear in the form of hemorrhagic dark patches under the skin (which is what gave him the name of the black death) or from different places of the body, internally and externally, and accompanied by a cough or vomiting blood, with symptoms of poisoning,

واستخدام المضادات الحيوية مثل : ستريبتومايسين، جنتامايسين، كينولونز، دوكسى سيللين فى مرحلة مبكرة يقلل من نسبة حدوث الوفيات لتصل إلى ٤ - ١٥%، والأشخاص الذين يموتون من هذا النوع يموتون فى نفس يوم ظهور الأعراض المرضية عليهم. And the use of antibiotics, such as: Streptumaysin, Jntamaysin, Kinolonz, Doxey Sellin at an early stage reduces the incidence of mortality up to 4 to 15%, and those who are dying of this kind are dying on the same day as the emergence of symptoms to them.

٣- الطاعون الرئوى Pneumonic plague: وهو أخطر أنواع الطاعون، وتنتقل عدواه عن طريق استنشاق الرذاذ المعدى أثناء العطس والكحة من إنسان مصاب بالعدوى إلى إنسان آخر بشكل مباشر، ويمثل حوالى ٣% من حالات العدوى، وتتراوح فترة الحضانة لهذا النوع ما بين ١- ٤ أيام، وهو أخطر أنواع الطاعون، ولا يوجد له تطعيم، 3 - pneumonic plague Pneumonic plague: the most serious types of plague, is transmitted through inhalation of infected droplets during sneezing and contagious cough infection from an infected human to another human being directly, and represents about 3% of cases of infection, incubation period is of this type between the 1-4 days, the most serious types of plague, and there is a vaccination,

وهذا النوع هو الذى يستخدم كسلاح بيولوجى، وأعراضه تتمثل فى ارتفاع فى درجة الحرارة - صداع – إحساس بالضعف والهزال - كحة - ضيق تنفس - سعال أو قىء مصحوب بدم. This type is used as a biological weapon, and the symptoms are on the rise in temperature - headache - a sense of weakness and wasting - cough - Dyspnea - accompanied by a cough or vomiting blood. ونسبة الوفيات من هذا النوع من الطاعون تتراوح ما بين ٥٠ - ٩٠%. The proportion of deaths from this type of plague, ranging from 50 to 90%.

ويتم تشخيص مرض الطاعون عن طريق تحليل PCR من أجل اكتشاف الحامض النووى للبكتيريا المسببة للطاعون، كما يمكن فحص البكتيريا وعزلها وصباغتها بصبغة «رايت جيمسا» ورؤيتها تحت الميكروسكوب، وطرق الوقاية تتمثل فى القضاء على القوارض والبراغيث، وعدم تجميع المخلفات والقمامة، والرش، والمسؤولية مسؤولية الجميع وليست مسؤولية الصحة وحدها. Is a diagnosis of plague by PCR analysis for detecting the DNA of the bacteria that cause plague, the bacteria can also be checked and that is isolated and Bbagtha «Wright Jamesa» and vision under the microscope, and methods of prevention is the elimination of rodents and fleas, and not the compilation of waste and litter, spraying, and the responsibility everyone and not the responsibility of health alone.

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