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Archive - WHO, Pandemic Influenza H1N1 2009 - Weekly virological surveillance (until the end of July 2010)
Here are the weekly increases beginning with 10/23, Update 70 to Update 80:
35,39,39,42,52,57,75,96,102,136,168,168
It would be helpful if the WHO would publish how many samples have been tested. They've been stuck at that "more than 15,000" number for quite some time.
The salvage of human life ought to be placed above barter and exchange ~ Louis Harris, 1918
For this reporting week (27th December 2009 to 2nd January 2010), pandemic A (H1N1) accounted for 98.1% of all subtyped influenza A viruses detected in many of the countries reporting influenza activity in both northern and southern hemispheres.
One of the exceptions was China where the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus accounted for 90.2% of all specimens tested positive for influenza A viruses. Furthermore, in China, influenza B accounted for 12.6% among the specimens tested positive for influenza viruses.
Sporadic detections of seasonal A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and influenza B viruses were reported from a few countries including some European countries.
During this week a total of 23 countries reported to FluNet.
The total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 2,878. Of these, 2,354 (81.8%) were pandemic (H1N1) 2009, 4 (0.1 %) were seasonal A (H1), 41 (1.4%%) were A (H3), 165 (5.7%) were A (not subtyped), 314 (10.9%) were influenza B.
The percentage of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was 98.1% of all subtyped influenza A viruses.
The majority of all influenza detections were reported by China and France followed by Greece.
Among the 23 countries reported to FluNet, on average, the pandemic A (H1N1) accounted for 81.8% of all influenza detections (81.6%; 2,348/2,878) for the northern hemisphere from 21 reporting countries and (100%; 6/6) for southern hemisphere from 2 reporting countries. The above numbers represent only the specimens and results reported to FluNet*.
Since the beginning of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 9th January 2010 cumulatively 153 countries/areas/territories shared a total of 23,376 specimens (18,203 clinical samples and 5,173 virus isolates) with WHO CCs for further analysis. All pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analysed to date appear to be antigenically and genetically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHOCCs conducts systematic surveillance for antiviral susceptibility. So far, antiviral susceptibility testing conducted by WHO CCs and other GISN laboratories on pandemic A (H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 87 countries indicates that oseltamivir resistant pandemic H1N1 viruses are still detected sporadically and there is no wide community circulation of oseltamivir resistant viruses except for the recently reported transmission of resistant viruses in a few local settings**.
So far, 199 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other WHO partners. All of these viruses showed H275Y mutation but all these viruses remain sensitive to zanamivir.
Since the first appearance of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 viruses, certain mutations including those leading to the D222G substitution in the haemagglutinin (HA) protein and the K340N substitution in the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) have been detected sporadically.
These substitutions in HA and/or PB2 have been reported in viruses obtained from mild, severe or fatal illness cases but such viruses have neither formed distinct phylogenetic clustering nor been associated with consistent changes in virus antigenicity. Based on currently available virological, epidemiological, and clinical information, the D222G substitution does not appear to pose a major public health issue.
A preliminary review has been published*** , and the WHO GISN and its partners will continue to closely monitor pandemic viruses for the D222G and other amino acid substitutions and assess associated risks.
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
Re: WHO - Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 83 (Virological Surveillance): New PB2 mutation detected K340N
from NS1 via email -
Are we looking at the WHO report here?
The authors, I am assuming committee authoring due to ambiguity and misdirection, are using confounding language intentionally.
The ?mutations? they are indicating are the single base (ACGT) nucleotide revisions, such as A715G (GaT=>GgT) in India8489, ?leading to? D225G at the amino acid level. The sentence may be more properly written:
Since the first appearance of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 viruses, certain nucleotide revisions coding for D222G in the haemagglutinin (HA) protein and the K340N in the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) have been detected on multiple genetic backgrounds across a wide geographic basis.
As to the PB2 revision, we have noted the polymorphism and will be tracking any growth in count or percentage of the change. At this time, we consider the K340N as a quantifiable marker very loosely correlating to 225G and, as such, may consider including the position as a parameter in our future discussions. As a counter-weight to the perfect world with perfect and complete information, frustration occurs when few PB2 segments are available. Potentially valuable markers like K340N may go undetected or circulate silently due to lack of scientific rigour / inadequate funding among the sequencing labs. Data scarcity is the issue. Sampling bias certainly colors this polymorphism as does selection of sequences for publication.
Ceteris paribus, any change found on fatal and / or RBD variants is clearly noteworthy.
Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 viruses persist in many countries around the world although most Northern Hemisphere countries have seen decreasing activity in the last few weeks.
The pandemic virus continues to be the predominant circulating influenza virus in all countries where influenza is reported.
Sporadic detections of seasonal A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and influenza B viruses were reported from a few countries.
The majority of seasonal influenza detections were reported by China where increased influenza B detections were observed relative to previous weeks.
For this reporting week (3rd January 2010 to 9th January 2010); a total of 24 countries reported to FluNet.
The total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 2,771.
Of these, 2067 (74.6%) were typed as influenza A and 505 (18.2%) as influenza B.
Of all sub-typed influenza A viruses, 97.2% (2,010/2067) were pandemic (H1N1) 2009.
The above numbers represent only the specimens and results reported to FluNet.
Since the beginning of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 16th January,2010, cumulatively 153 countries shared a total of 23,527 specimens (18,299 clinical samples and 5,228 virus isolates) with WHO CCs for further analysis.
All pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analysed to date appear to be antigenically and genetically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
The pandemic (H1N1) 2009 viruses with D222G substitution have also been seen antigenically indistinguishable to the A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) vaccine virus.
Most of seasonal A(H1N1) viruses tested were antigenically and genetically closely related to the A/Brisbane/59/2007 vaccine virus. Seasonal A(H3N2) viruses were mostly antigenically and genetically closely related to A/Perth/16/2009 -like viruses (WHO recommended virus for 2010 Southern Hemisphere vaccine). Influenza B viruses were predominantly of the B/Victoria-lineage and the majority were antigenically and genetically closely related to the vaccine virus B/Brisbane/60/2008. (WHO recommended virus for 2010 Southern Hemisphere vaccine).
The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHOCCs conducts systematic surveillance for antiviral susceptibility. So far, antiviral susceptibility testing conducted by WHO CCs and other GISN laboratories on pandemic A (H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 87 countries indicates that oseltamivir resistant pandemic H1N1 viruses are sporadic detections with rare onward transmission.
So far, 206 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other WHO partners.
All of these viruses showed the H275Y mutation and all remain sensitive to zanamivir.
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
*Some NICs report data to FluNet retrospectively and updates of previous data with new results are frequent.
Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus activity continued to decline in many countries in the Northern Hemisphere.
The pandemic A(H1N1) continues to be the predominant circulating influenza virus in nearly all countries where influenza is reported.
The most recent available data showed that pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 accounted for 100% of influenza A virus subtype detections in sentinel specimens in WHO EUR (1) and more than 98% in WHO AMR (2) .
China on the other hand reported outbreaks due to influenza B (48.8% of all influenza positive specimens).
Sporadic detections of seasonal A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and influenza B viruses were reported from a few countries such as Iran, Japan, the Russian Federation and Tunisia.
A total of 25 countries reported to FluNet during the period 10th January 2010 to 16th January 2010.
Based on FluNet reporting, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 3,044. Of these, 1,961 (64.4%) were typed as influenza A and 1,083 (35.6%) as influenza B.
Of all sub-typed influenza A viruses, 95% (1,637/1,724) were pandemic (H1N1) 2009.
Since the beginning of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 23th January,2010, cumulatively 153 countries shared a total of 23743 specimens (18368 clinical samples and 5375 virus isolates) with WHO CCs for further analysis.
All pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analysed to date appear to be antigenically and genetically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
The pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 viruses with D222G substitution have also been seen antigenically indistinguishable to the A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) vaccine virus.
The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHOCCs conducts systematic surveillance for antiviral susceptibility. So far, antiviral susceptibility testing conducted by WHO CCs and other GISN laboratories on pandemic A (H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 88 countries indicates that oseltamivir resistant pandemic H1N1 viruses are sporadic detections with rare onward transmission.
So far, 220 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other partners.
All of these viruses showed the H275Y substitution and all remain sensitive to zanamivir.
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
*Some NICs report data to FluNet retrospectively and updates of previous data with new results are frequent.
In nearly all countries where influenza infection in human is reported, the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) continues to be the predominant circulating influenza virus and the absolute predominant subtype among all influenza A viruses subtyped (100% in AMR, 95% in EUR and 93% global).
Sporadic detections of seasonal A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and influenza B viruses were reported from a few countries in Africa, Middle east and East Europe. In China, influenza B activity continued increasing trend and accounted for 62.5% of all influenza detections.
A total of 25 countries reported to FluNet during the period 17th January 2010 to 23rd January 2010. Based on FluNet reporting, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 2,354. Of these, 1267 / 2354 (54%) were typed as influenza A and 1,087 (46%) as influenza B. Of all sub-typed influenza A viruses, 93% (1,051/1,133) were pandemic A(H1N1) 2009.*
From the start of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 23 January 2010, based on FluNet reporting, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 506,770. Of these, 399,218 (78.8%) were pandemic A(H1N1), 7,531 (1.5%) were seasonal A(H1N1), 28,582 (5.6%) were A(H3N2), 60,770 (12.0%) were A (not subtyped) and 10,596 (2.1%) were influenza B.
Since the beginning of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 30th January, 2010, cumulatively 153 countries shared a total of 23822 specimens (18400 clinical samples and 5422 virus isolates) with WHO CCs for further characterization. The absolute majority of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analysed to date were antigenically and genetically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
The pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 viruses with D222G substitution have also been seen antigenically indistinguishable to the A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) vaccine virus.
Antiviral susceptibility surveillance has been conducted by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHO CCs. So far, pandemic A(H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 90 countries have been tested, showing that oseltamivir resistant pandemic A(H1N1) viruses are sporadic with rare onward transmission. So far, 225 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other partners. All of these viruses showed the H275Y substitution and all remain sensitive to zanamivir.
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
*Some NICs report data to FluNet retrospectively and updates of previous data with new results are frequent.
Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections have continued to decrease in most countries of the Northern Hemisphere in recent weeks.
Little activity has been reported in the Southern Hemisphere in 2010 to date. In nearly all countries where influenza infection is reported, the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) continues to be predominating among all influenza A viruses subtyped (100% in AMR, 98% in EUR and 94% global).
Sporadic detections of seasonal A (H1N1), A (H3N2) and influenza B viruses were reported from a few countries in Africa, Europe and the Middle East region. China continued to report increased influenza B activity.
A total of 27 countries reported to FluNet during the period 24th January 2010 to 30th January 2010.
Based on FluNet reporting, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 2,012. Of these, 922 / 2,012 (45.8%) were typed as influenza A and 1,090 (54.2%) as influenza B. Of all sub-typed influenza A viruses, 94% (730 / 775) were pandemic A(H1N1) 2009.*
In China, influenza B activity continued the increasing trend in 2010 and accounted for 72.2% of all influenza detections in the reporting week.
From the start of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 30th January 2010, based on FluNet reporting, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 519,011. Of these, 407,168 (78.5%) were pandemic A(H1N1), 8,177 (1.6%) were seasonal A(H1N1), 29,601 (5.7%) were A(H3N2), 61,793 (11.9%) were A (not subtyped) and 12,190 (2.3%) were influenza B. Cumulatively, the pandemic virus continued to be the predominant subtype reported with a very small proportion of seasonal strains detected.
Since the beginning of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 6thFebruary, 2010, cumulatively 153 countries shared a total of 24005 specimens (18557 clinical samples and 5448 virus isolates) with WHO CCs for further characterization. The absolute majority of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analysed to date were antigenically and genetically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
The pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 viruses with D222G substitution have also been seen antigenically indistinguishable to the A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) vaccine virus.
Antiviral susceptibility surveillance has been conducted by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHO CCs. So far, pandemic A (H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 91 countries have been tested, showing that oseltamivir resistant pandemic A (H1N1) viruses are sporadic with rare onward transmission. So far, 245 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other partners. All of these viruses showed the H275Y substitution and all remain sensitive to zanamivir.
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
*Some NICs report data to FluNet retrospectively and updates of previous data with new results are frequent.
Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections have continued to decrease in most countries of the Northern Hemisphere in recent weeks. Little activity has been reported in the Southern Hemisphere in 2010 to date.
In nearly all countries where human influenza infection is reported, the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) continues to be predominating subtype among all influenza A viruses subtyped (100% in AMR, 98% in EUR and 97% global). Seasonal A (H1N1) viruses continue to be detected very sporadically, mainly from Asia. Sporadic influenza A (H3N2) activity has been reported from some countries in recent weeks. Influenza B activity continued to increase in China, becoming the predominant virus circulating in the country accounting for 82 % of all influenza detections.
A total of 27 countries reported to FluNet during the period 31st January 2010 to 6thFebruary 2010.
Based on FluNet reporting, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 844. Of these, 785/ 844 (93.0%) were typed as influenza A and 59 (7.0%) as influenza B. Of all sub-typed influenza A viruses, 97% (651/673) were pandemic A(H1N1) 2009.* Hong Kong SAR China has reported increased influenza B activity in recent weeks and accounted for 34.5% of all influenza detections in the reporting week.
From the start of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 6th February 2010, based on FluNet reporting, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 529,380. Of these, 415,911 (78.6%) were pandemic A(H1N1), 8,228 (1.6%) were seasonal A(H1N1), 29,843 (5.6%) were A(H3N2), 62.528 (11.8%) were A (not subtyped) and 12,778 (2.4%) were influenza B.
Cumulatively, the pandemic virus continued to be predominating subtype reported with detection of a very small proportion of seasonal strains.
Since the beginning of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 13thFebruary, 2010, cumulatively 153 countries shared a total of 24142 specimens (18627 clinical samples and 5515 virus isolates) with WHO CCs for further characterization. The absolute majority of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analysed to date were antigenically and genetically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
Antiviral susceptibility surveillance has been conducted by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHO CCs. So far, pandemic A (H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 91 countries have been tested, showing that oseltamivir resistant pandemic A (H1N1) viruses are sporadic with rare onward transmission. So far, 248 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other partners. All of these viruses showed the H275Y substitution and all remain sensitive to zanamivir.
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
*Some NICs report data to FluNet retrospectively and updates of previous data with new results are frequent.
Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 infections have continued to decrease in most countries of the Northern Hemisphere in recent weeks.
Little activity has been reported in the Southern Hemisphere in 2010 to date.
In nearly all countries where human influenza infection is reported, the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) continues to be the predominant subtype among all influenza A viruses subtyped (87.3% in North America region, AMR, 94% in EUR and 90% global). Seasonal A(H1N1) viruses continue to be detected very sporadically. Sporadic influenza A(H3N2) activity has been reported from some countries in recent weeks. Influenza B activity continued to increase in China and Hong Kong SAR China.
Based on FluNet reporting for the week from 6-13 February 2010*, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 2,076. Of these, 1,003/2,076 (48.3%) were typed as influenza A and 1,073 (51.7%) as influenza B. Of all sub-typed influenza A viruses, 90% (781/866) were pandemic A(H1N1) 2009.
Hong Kong SAR China has reported increased influenza B activity in recent weeks accounting for 56.1% of all influenza detections in the reporting week, while in China it accounted for 83.5%.
From the start of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 13th February 2010, based on FluNet reporting, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 535,731. Of these, 418,795 (78.2%) were pandemic A(H1N1), 8,345 (1.6%) were seasonal A(H1N1), 29,936 (5.6%) were A(H3N2), 62,817(11.7%) were A (not subtyped) and 15,754 (2.9%) were influenza B.
Cumulatively, the pandemic virus continued to be predominating subtype reported with detection of a very small proportion of seasonal strains.
Since the beginning of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 20thFebruary, 2010, cumulatively 153 countries shared a total of 24186 specimens (18663 clinical samples and 5523 virus isolates) with WHO CCs for further characterization. The majority of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analysed to date were antigenically and genetically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
Following WHO Consultation on the Composition of Influenza Vaccines for the Northern Hemisphere 2010-2011 and on Vaccine Viruses for Pandemic Preparedness from 14 - 18 February 2010, WHO recommended the viruses to be used for influenza vaccines in the 2010-2011 northern hemisphere influenza season.
Antiviral susceptibility surveillance has been conducted by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHO CCs. So far, pandemic A (H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 91 countries have been tested, showing that oseltamivir resistant pandemic A (H1N1) viruses are sporadic with rare onward transmission. So far, 253 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other partners. All of these viruses showed the H275Y substitution and all remain sensitive to zanamivir. Click here to obtain more information on oseltamivir resistant cases.
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
*A total of 32 countries reported to FluNet for the week 6 - 13 February 2010.
Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 circulating viruses have continued to decrease in most countries of the Northern Hemisphere in recent weeks. Little activity has been reported in the Southern Hemisphere in 2010 to date.
In most countries where detection of human influenza virus was reported, the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) continues to be predominating subtype among all influenza A viruses subtyped (87.3% in North America region, 86% in the European region and 75% globally).
The number of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) viruses tested globally has decreased over recent weeks.
Seasonal A(H1N1) viruses continue to be detected very sporadically in only a few countries.
Sporadic influenza A(H3N2) activity has also been reported from some countries.
As in recent weeks, influenza B activity has continued to increase in China and China, Hong Kong SAR. Other countries reporting an increase in influenza B activity included Iran, Mongolia and United Republic of Tanzania.
Based on FluNet reporting for the week from 14-20 February 2010, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by National Influenza Centre (NIC) laboratories from 28 countries was 898. Of these, 365/898 (40.6%) were typed as influenza A and 533 (59.4%) as influenza B. Compared the previous reporting week, this represents an overall decrease in the proportion of influenza A positive specimens relative to the influenza B positives.
Of all sub-typed influenza A viruses, 75% (243/365) were pandemic A(H1N1) 2009. China continued to report increased influenza B activity accounting for 88.4% of all influenza detections in the reporting week, while in China, Hong Kong SAR it represented 54.5% of circulating influenza.
From the start of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 20th February 2010, based on FluNet reporting by 90 countries, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 536,355 *. Of these, 419,289 (78.2%) were pandemic A(H1N1), 8,347 (1.6%) were seasonal A(H1N1), 29,938 (5.6%) were A(H3N2), 62,881(11.7%) were A (not subtyped) and 15,806 (2.9%) were influenza B.
Cumulatively, the pandemic virus continued to be predominating subtype reported with detection of a very small proportion of seasonal strains.
Since the beginning of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 27th February, 2010, cumulatively 153 countries shared a total of 24,304 specimens (18,748 clinical samples and 5,556 virus isolates) with WHO CCs for further characterization. The majority of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analysed to date are antigenically and genetically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
Antiviral susceptibility surveillance has been conducted by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHO CCs. So far, pandemic A (H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 91 countries have been tested, showing that oseltamivir resistant pandemic A (H1N1) viruses are sporadic with rare onward transmission. So far, 264 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other partners. All of these viruses showed the H275Y substitution and all remain sensitive to zanamivir.
Click here to obtain more information on oseltamivir resistant viruses.
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
*Some NICs report data to FluNet retrospectively and updates of previous data with new results are frequent.
Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 circulating viruses have continued to decrease in most countries of the Northern Hemisphere in recent weeks. Little activity has been reported in the Southern Hemisphere in 2010 to date.
In most countries where detection of human influenza virus was reported, the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) continues to be predominating subtype among all influenza A viruses subtyped (99.5% in North America region, 89.3% in the European region and 93% globally).
The number of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) viruses tested globally has decreased over recent weeks.
Seasonal A(H1N1) viruses continue to be detected very sporadically in only a few countries. Sporadic influenza A(H3N2) activity has also been reported from some countries.
As in recent weeks, influenza B activity has been predominant China and China, Hong Kong SAR. Other countries reporting an increase in influenza B activity included Iran, Mongolia and the Russian Federation.
Based on FluNet reporting for the week from 21-27 February 2010, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by National Influenza Centre (NIC) laboratories from 28 countries was 813. Of these, 563/813 (69.2%) were typed as influenza A and 250 (30.8%) as influenza B. Of all sub-typed influenza A viruses, 92.8% (426/459) were pandemic A(H1N1) 2009.
China, Hong Kong SAR continued to report high influenza B activity accounting for 63,5% of all influenza detections in the reporting week.
From the start of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 27th February 2010, based on FluNet reporting by 82 countries, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 538,192 *.
Of these, 420,761 (78.2%) were pandemic A(H1N1), 8,352 (1.6%) were seasonal A(H1N1), 29,942 (5.6%) were A(H3N2), 63,128 (11.7%) were A (not subtyped) and 15,925(3.0%) were influenza B. Cumulatively, the pandemic virus continued to be predominating subtype reported with detection of a very small proportion of seasonal strains.
Since the beginning of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 6 March, 2010, cumulatively 153 countries shared a total of 24,332 specimens (18,756 clinical samples and 5,576 virus isolates) with WHO CCs for further characterization. The majority of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analysed to date are antigenically and genetically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
A reassortant influenza A(H1N1) virus of swine origin distinct from the pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 virus isolated from 3 patients in Saskatchewan, Canada has recently been reported (1). All patients worked at the same large hog operation. The virus is from genetic reassortment between seasonal A(H1N1) and triple-reassortant influenza virus that emerged in North American swine during the late 1990s. The neuraminidase and haemagglutinin genes of these viruses were derived from human H1N1 virus and were closely related to those of the A/Brisbane/59/2007 vaccine virus. So far no there have been no further detections or transmission of this virus reported. This study highlights the need for increased virological surveillance to enable early detection of reassortant viruses with the potential for human-to-human transmission.
Antiviral susceptibility surveillance has been conducted by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHO CCs. So far, pandemic A (H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 91 countries have been tested, showing that oseltamivir resistant pandemic A (H1N1) viruses are sporadic with rare onward transmission.
So far, 264 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other partners. All of these viruses showed the H275Y substitution and all remain sensitive to zanamivir. Click here to obtain more information on oseltamivir resistant viruses.
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
*Some NICs report data to FluNet retrospectively and updates of previous data with new results are frequent.
(1) Bastien N et al, 2010. Human Infection with a Triple-Reassortant Swine Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Containing the Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Genes of Seasonal Influenza Virus. JID 201:000 - 000
Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 circulating viruses have continued to decrease in most countries of the Northern Hemisphere in recent weeks. Little activity has been reported in the Southern Hemisphere in 2010 to date.
In most countries where detection of human influenza virus was reported, the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) continues to be the predominating subtype among all influenza A viruses subtyped (100% in North America region and 90.2% globally).
Seasonal A (H1N1) viruses continue to be detected very sporadically in only a few countries.
Sporadic influenza A (H3N2) activity has also been reported from some countries.
As in recent weeks, influenza B has been predominating subtype in China, Hong Kong China SAR, Iran, Mongolia, the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation. Increased influenza B activity has also been observed in some European countries.
Based on FluNet reporting for the week from 28 February to 6 March 2010, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by National Influenza Centre (NIC) laboratories from 28 countries was 1,542. Of these, 524/1,542 (34.0%) were typed as influenza A and 1,018 (66.0%) as influenza B.
Of all sub-typed influenza A viruses, 90.2% (378/419) were pandemic A (H1N1) 2009.
From the start of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 6 March 2010, based on FluNet reporting by 83 countries, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 545,749 *. Of these, 425,650 (78.0%) were pandemic A (H1N1), 8,257 (1.6%) were seasonal A (H1N1), 30,464 (5.6%) were A (H3N2), 63,799 (11.7%) were A (not subtyped) and 15,237 (2.8%) were influenza B.
Since the beginning of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 13th March, 2010, cumulatively 154 countries shared a total of 24,537 specimens (18,808 clinical samples and 5,729 virus isolates) with WHO CCs for further characterization. The majority of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analyzed to date are antigenically and genetically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
Antiviral susceptibility surveillance has been conducted by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHO CCs. So far, pandemic A (H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 91 countries have been tested. The data showed that oseltamivir resistant pandemic A (H1N1) viruses are sporadically detected with rare onward transmission.
So far, 267 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other partners. All of these viruses showed the H275Y substitution and all remain sensitive to zanamivir.
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
*Some NICs report data to FluNet retrospectively and updates of previous data with new results are frequent.
Overall influenza activity has continued to decrease in most part of the Northern Hemisphere. Little activity has been reported in the Southern Hemisphere in 2010 to date.
In most countries where detection of human influenza virus was reported, the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) continues to be the predominating influenza A viruses subtyped (100% in North America, El Salvador, Colombia and Cuba and 89.5% globally).
Seasonal A(H1N1) viruses continue to be detected very sporadically in a couple of countries.
Sporadic influenza A(H3N2) activity has been reported from some countries in recent weeks including Ghana and the Russian Federation.
Influenza B, as in recent weeks, has been predominating subtype in China, Mongolia and the Islamic Republic of Iran, accounting for 81.6% of all influenza detections in China, 92.3% in Iran and 100% in Mongolia. Increased influenza B activity has also been observed in some European countries.
Based on FluNet reporting for the week from 7 to 13 March 2010, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by National Influenza Centre (NIC) laboratories from 27 countries was 8,189. Of these, 414/1,837 (22.5%) were typed as influenza A and 1,423 (77.5%) as influenza B.
Of all sub-typed influenza A viruses, 314/351 (89.5%) were pandemic A(H1N1) 2009.
From the start of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 13 March 2010, based on FluNet reporting by 83 countries, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 551,867 *. Of these, 428,362 (77.6%) were pandemic A(H1N1), 8,558 (1.6%) were seasonal A(H1N1), 30,578 (5.5%) were A(H3N2), 64,091 (11.6%) were A (not subtyped) and 20,194 (3.7%) were influenza B.
Since the beginning of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 20th March, 2010, cumulatively 154 countries shared a total of 24,612 specimens (18,813 clinical samples and 5,799 virus isolates) with WHO CCs for further characterization. The majority of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analyzed to date are antigenically and genetically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
Antiviral susceptibility surveillance has been conducted by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHO CCs. So far, pandemic A(H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 91 countries have been tested. The data showed that oseltamivir resistant pandemic A(H1N1) viruses are sporadically detected with rare onward transmission. So far, 267 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other partners. All of these viruses showed the H275Y substitution and all remain sensitive to zanamivir. Click here to obtain more information on oseltamivir resistant viruses.
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
*Some NICs report data to FluNet retrospectively and updates of previous data with new results are frequent.
Overall influenza activity has remained at low level in most part of the Northern Hemisphere. Little activity has been reported in the Southern Hemisphere in 2010 to date.
In most countries where human infection of influenza virus was reported, the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) continues to be the predominating influenza A viruses subtyped (99.4% in North America and 93.8% globally).
Seasonal A(H1N1) viruses continue to be detected very sporadically in a couple of countries.
Sporadic influenza A(H3N2) activity has been reported from some countries in recent weeks including China, Ghana and Thailand.
Influenza B, as in recent weeks, has been predominating subtype accounting for 66.7% of all influenza detections in Republic of Korea, 71.6% in Russian Federation, 84.2% in China and 100% in Mongolia and Iran. Increased sporadic influenza B activity has also been observed in some European countries.
Based on FluNet reporting for the week from 14 to 20 March 2010, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by National Influenza Centres (NIC) from 28 countries was 1,658. Of these, 414/1,658 (25%) were typed as influenza A and 1,244 (75.0%) as influenza B.
From the start of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 20 March 2010, based on FluNet reporting by 83 countries, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 599,659 *. Of these, 466,055 (77.7%) were pandemic A(H1N1), 8,618 (1.4%) were seasonal A(H1N1), 30,703 (5.1%) were A(H3N2), 72,702 (12.1%) were A (not subtyped) and 21,489 (3.6%) were influenza B.
Since the beginning of the pandemic on 19 April 2009 to 27th March 2010, cumulatively 155 countries shared a total of 24,703 specimens (18,877 clinical samples and 5,826 virus isolates) with WHO CCs for further characterization. The majority of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analyzed to date are antigenically and genetically closely related to the recommended vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
Antiviral susceptibility surveillance has been conducted by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHO CCs. So far, pandemic A(H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 91 countries have been tested. The data showed that oseltamivir resistant pandemic A(H1N1) viruses are sporadically detected with rare onward transmission. So far, 268 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other partners. All of these viruses showed the H275Y substitution and all remain sensitive to zanamivir.
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
*Some NICs report data to FluNet retrospectively and updates of previous data with new results are frequent.
Overall influenza activity has remained at low level in most parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Little activity has been reported in the Southern Hemisphere in 2010 to date.
In most countries where human infection of influenza virus was reported, the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) continues to be the predominating influenza A viruses subtyped (99.4% in Canada, Cuba and the United States and 89.8% globally).
Seasonal A(H1N1) viruses have been detected very sporadically in Russian Federation. Sporadic influenza A(H3N2) activity has been reported from some countries.
Influenza B, as in recent weeks, has been predominating subtype accounting for 64.8% of all influenza detections in China, 65.1% in Russian Federation, 93.2% in Republic of Korea, and 100% in Mongolia.
Increased sporadic influenza B activity has also been observed in some European countries.
Based on FluNet reporting for the week from 21 to 27 March 2010, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by National Influenza Centres (NIC) from 25 countries was 810. Of these, 303/610(37.4%) were typed as influenza A and 460(56.8%) as influenza B.
From the start of the pandemic in 19 April 2009 to 27 March 2010, based on FluNet reporting by 84 countries, the total number of specimens reportedly positive for influenza viruses by NIC laboratories was 603,031 *.
Of these, 468,528(77.7%) were pandemic A(H1N1), 8,638 (1.4%) were seasonal A(H1N1), 30,745 (5.1%) were A(H3N2), 72,974 (12.1%) were A (not subtyped) and 22,054 (3.7%) were influenza B.
Since the beginning of the pandemic on 19 April 2009 to 3rd April 2010, cumulatively 155 countries shared a total of 24913 (19074 clinical and 5839 isolates) with WHO CCs for further characterization. The majority of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses analyzed to date are antigenically and genetically closely related to the recommended vaccine virus A/California/7/2009.
Antiviral susceptibility surveillance has been conducted by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) including WHO CCs. So far, pandemic A(H1N1) specimens and isolates from at least 91 countries have been tested. The data showed that oseltamivir resistant pandemic A(H1N1) viruses are sporadically detected with rare onward transmission. So far, 278 cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported by GISN and other partners. All of these viruses showed the H275Y substitution and all remain sensitive to zanamivir. (See below to obtain more information on oseltamivir resistant viruses).
WHO, through the GISN, continues monitoring the evolution and global circulation of influenza viruses, including pandemic, seasonal and other influenza viruses infecting, or with the potential to infect humans.
(*) Some NICs report data to FluNet retrospectively and updates of previous data with new results are frequent.
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