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  • Japan Acute encephalopathy pandemic flu in children

    August 23, 2009 03 at 11 min / offer: Mainichi

    While in the country become a pandemic flu outbreak, Japan Pediatric Society (Chairman Yokota Shiyunpei), the patients have continued to occur in children with acute encephalopathy pandemic flu, medical institutions, such as if you have symptoms of impaired consciousness in doubt should consult the people started calling immediately. Could occur for many patients and encephalopathy, the society has begun to establish a system of clinics in each region to assure support for critically ill patients. [Eguti Hazime, Junko Adachi]


    Most influenza encephalopathy in children under 6 years old. 21 cases of encephalopathy in children in the country until six cases were reported in 22 days, Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture, has been one reported cases. Symptoms are changing rapidly, after a high fever, sudden or continued seizures, impaired consciousness and lead to the nonsensical behavior. Too intense swelling of the brain or the immune response to the virus in the body, which is likely to develop blood vessels and organs have been damaged.


    Professor Tsuneo Morishima Okayama representative ministry study group (of infectious disease), according to the year about 100 patients every year, or about 25 percent remains in the after-effects such as cerebral palsy. Mortality rate is just shy of 10 percent.


    The symposium will have a series of new reported cases of influenza encephalopathy, intensive care unit (ICU) patients that there was a heavy emphasis is needed and ventilator therapy. On the "Fall-Winter inevitable outbreak of pandemic influenza in children, fear the increase in incidence of encephalopathy (utensil) is" as a reminder that through the ministry.


    They warned that in the guardians of the society, in addition to flu symptoms such as fever or cough, but that it should have medical checkup in early if signs of encephalopathy.


    Specifically, the decreased level of consciousness and answer the call (disturbance of consciousness) ▽ or continued seizures, impaired consciousness after the seizure of unknown meaning ▽ behavior - has been careful and hope. Antipyretic strong as some factors that can be severe encephalopathy, without having to take place freely in the home medicine urged always to consult a doctor.


    However, even severe cases of encephalopathy and multiple patients if the new increase, as might be confusing medical institutions in the region, told members of the various Academy of Pediatrics, was asked to develop a readiness to receive critically ill patients. Hospitals and patient acceptance of such severe encephalopathy, or specify a non-hospital treatment of influenza encephalopathy patients, is considering a pre-determined response and transport to the hospital where his condition deteriorated and when.


    Morishima's "whether a greater proportion of patients compared to seasonal influenza encephalopathy - is not new, the scale of the epidemic could grow to several times the patients. Necessary measures to speed up the development of critically ill patients there is, "he said.


    ライブドアニュースは、幅広いジャンルのニュースをいち早くお伝えします。わかりやすさ、読みやすさにこだわり、記事の核心をまとめた要約をつけています。
    "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
    -Nelson Mandela

  • #2
    Re: Japan Acute encephalopathy pandemic flu in children

    Doctor shortage crisis hit, but also significant new pediatric flu

    Sankei Shimbun August 23 22:22 min delivery

    New flu pandemic arrived in the country, the higher the risk of severe infant, pediatricians are wary. In Okinawa Prefecture, a large number of patients, a mother with her children rushed to the emergency room. Increased support personnel. The pediatrician had been suffering from a serious shortage of doctors originally began preparations to prevent the severity of child development.

    Okinawa Kyodo Hospital, Okinawa Prefecture (Tomigusuku) to the emergency room every day and are packed with her parents complain of fever infants. The hospital's emergency room that is usually supported by three doctors, increasing to four people. Collection of supporters and nurses.

    If there are patients in hospital with severe, be transported to Children's Medical Center, Southern Prefectural well-equipped medical center. However, the hospital pediatrician collaboration is "The more patients than this, and will not be enough at first accept the ventilator is clear. We need state support," he said.

    In fact, in the southern hemisphere flu jump ahead Furutta epidemic is insufficient and new ventilator, killing many.

    With the new semester starts, which are concerned about further spread. Especially infected children under six years old, and could become severe encephalopathy. Encephalopathy cases in children, so far seven cases have been confirmed.

    Japan Pediatric Society December 17, requested the ministry to spread the word of people suspected encephalopathy symptoms such as disturbance of consciousness continues. The society has begun to establish a system and promote the sharing of medical facilities to accept patients with severe heart and outpatient facilities.

    防衛医大the field of pediatric infection by vaccination director of the society's mountain (or until the a) Kei Akira (Shige Aki) said, "the lack of doctors in pediatrics, to reduce severe disease and deaths of children, according to the risk triage to determine the order of treatment (filtering) is important, "he said. (Nagashima Noriko)


    "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
    -Nelson Mandela

    Comment


    • #3
      Re: Japan Acute encephalopathy pandemic flu in children

      Tamiflu-induced encephalopathy is 'yakugai (drug disaster)' Thorough examination of MHLW working group's report Is death an acceptable outcome of treating self-limiting flu?


      Translated from Kusuri-no-Check No25 published on Jan 20 2007


      Kusuri-no-Check Rokuro Hama M.D.

      This year's season for influenza has come. Tamiflu (oseltamivir) would be widely used and there would be more victims of its adverse reaction. Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW) warns of abnormal behavior induced by Tamiflu as a severe adverse reaction (side effect) on a drug package insert. On the other hand, in cases of death due to abnormal behavior and sudden death during sleep, MHLW denies causal relationship between these damages and the drug. At the end of October, 2006, MHLW published a report that concluded there was no relationship between Tamiflu and abnormal behavior[1]. However, "Kusuri-no-check" examined the report and found clear data which indicate the causality[2].
      Tamiflu would not induce abnormal behavior?!

      I reported three cases of death caused by Tamiflu at a session of 37<small><sup>th</sup></small> annual scientific meeting of Japanese Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases in November, 2005[3,4]. MHLW announced in January 2006 that one of the three victims died as a result of "abnormal behavior" and another died of "lowered conscious level".
      In addition to these three victims, I received another case of sudden death after the scientific meeting. The families of four victims applied for benefits to "Adverse Health Effect Relief Services: AHERS", their applications were refused. One was recognized as suicide induced by the other drug, and the other case was classified as "causal relation cannot be determined since circumstances from taking the drug to death were unknown". There were two victims of sudden death due to respiratory arrest. One of them, a two-year old boy was recognized as influenza related encephalopathy. And the other, 39-year old male who had been otherwise healthy before taking Tamiflu and died three hours after taking it was not recognized as adverse reaction because he was judged as died of heart failure and the causal relationship with the drug was denied.
      The families demanded Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) to re-examine their applications in late August, 2006. And in late October, the report whose primary objective was to investigate causal relationship between oseltamivir and abnormal behavior was released. It reported that the frequencies of abnormal behavior were not significantly different between patients treated with Tamiflu and those not (yet) treated with Tamiflu.
      The report skillfully left a final conclusion pending. In spite of this, the mass media reported "causal relation was denied" because "there was no significant difference". Some TV programs had planned to report danger of abnormal behavior induced by Tamiflu. But after MHLW's report was published, they voluntarily refrained from reporting the danger. If MHLW's report is left as it is, it would be used as evidence to deny the causal relationship in the judgment of "Adverse Health Effect Relief" benefit.
      I have been warning of the danger of Tamiflu at scientific societies, on a drug bulletin "Kusuri-no-check", and on the internet. And I am furious at nonsense of the MHLW's report. But I carefully and scientifically analyzed it. To my surprise, data in the report themselves clearly indicated that patients treated with Tamiflu experienced at least several times more cases of abnormal behavior, and several dozens more cases of other adverse reactions (details are reported in "The informed Prescriber" [6,7]).
      The data clearly show causal relation

      Based on the data in the report[1], proportions of patients with abnormal behavior during the daytime on the first day of fever is calculated for patients surely treated with Tamiflu (treated cases) and those surely not treated with the drug (pre-treatment and non-treatment cases: pre/non-treatment).
      TProportion of patients with abnormal behavior, according to doctor's information, were 0.5% in pre/non-treated cases and 1.8 % in treated cases. "Being terrified/fear" was 0.4% vs 1.9%. "Hallucination" was 0.05% vs 0.6%. "Sudden scream/ delirious speech" was 0.6% vs 2.2%. "Anger" was 0.5% vs 1.9%. All these adverse events were observed much more in Tamiflu-treated cases. The incidence proportions in treated cases were almost four times higher or more (Figure 1).
      Adverse reactions concentrate in the afternoon on the first day

      The denominator (the number of patients treated with Tamiflu and those of pre/non-treatment) and the numerator (the number of events) at the start of Tamiflu treatment are appropriately defined. Figure 2 shows the time trend of ratios that indicates how many times more frequently each symptom of abnormal behavior may appear in treated cases than in pre/non-treatment.
      The figure shows that symptoms such as "being terrified/fear", "anger", and "sudden scream" started appearing more frequently in treated cases in the morning on the first day of fever. In the afternoon, ratios of all symptoms increased. It means that they were observed more in treated cases. From the evening till the morning on the second day, the ratio decreased. In the afternoon on the second day, the ratio slightly increased, but the ratios for most symptoms went to 1. It means that the symptoms almost disappeared from the evening on the second day till the third day.
      In the afternoon on the first day, patients treated with Tamiflu experienced more abnormal behaviors: about 4 to 5 times more "anger", about 4 to 7 times more "sudden scream" and "abnormal behavior based on information from doctors", about 5 to 6 times more "fear", and about 12 to 31 times more "hallucination". This analysis clearly suggests that the onset of neuropsychiatric adverse reactions concentrates on the afternoon on the first day. This tendency, as explained later on, surely coincides with U.S. Food and Drug Agency's (FDA) analysis based on cases reported from Japan.
      FDA: Adverse symptoms cannot be explained by natural history of influenza

      Unlike MHLW's observation, FDA's analysis that was disclosed on 16th November 2006[7-9] is far more clear-cut. It pointed out the following facts as evidence for possible relationship between abnormal behavior and Tamiflu
      1. The number of additional neuropsychiatric adverse events that have been reported to AERS during the last year,
      2. These neuropsychiatric cases appear to be temporally related to the use of oseltamivir (Tamiflu). In majority of the cases, the time of onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms from the administration of oseltamivir dose was within one day (1 to 2 doses).
      3. The fact that numerous reporting physicians commented in these reports that their patient's "abnormal behavior" was associated to oseltamivir induced adverse events (bald type by author)
      4. The peculiar characteristics of the adverse events which are different from the usual influenza-related set of central nervous system symptoms, we cannot rule out the possible contribution of oseltamivir to the adverse consequence over and above the adverse symptoms which may result from the natural history of influenza-illness.

      FDA practically admitted the causal relationship and warned of danger

      FDA stated that "there is uncertain evidence to definitively state that this is a disease-only process and an adequate postmarketing data suggesting an association between the use of oseltamivir the development of neuropsychiatric events." Therefore, "we are concerned that when/if the use oft his drug increases in the U.S. to be in the realm of the current Japanese use of this drug, there may be increasing cases of adverse consequence in the U.S. as well. Therefore, it would be prudent to update the U.S. labeling to be similar in scope with the current Japanese labeling regarding neuropsychiatric adverse events. In particular, we want to alert the clinician/patient/patient's guardian to closely monitor the patient in order to abort any attempt at unsafe behavior (i.e. suicide attempts)."
      FDA seems to have taken the case very seriously, and that led it to announce such comment.
      Sudden death is also related to Tamiflu

      FDA did not include sudden death of infant in the warning this time, but mentioned that its causal relationship with Tamiflu could not be ruled out in November 2005.
      FDA said "It is concerning that six young patients died suddenly within one to two days after initiation of oseltamivir therapy. These patients, five males and one female between the ages of two and four years were healthy, had no underlying disease prior to developing influenza." "Although these reports do not allow us to assess causality of oseltamivir, the contribution of the drug to the death of these patients, especially with the cases of sudden death and cardio-pulmonary arrest, cannot be excluded based upon the information available."
      Several dozens of cases have been reported for sudden death during sleep after taking Tamiflu. Several life threatening but survived cases have also been reported [9-11]. A junior high school student (now a high school student), whose parents I interviewed in detail, had abnormal behavior, respiratory arrest, cyanosis, and a convulsion. Since he vomited after the first administration of Tamiflu, he probably did not absorb the drug. However an hour after taking the second dose, he lost his consciousness and had a convulsion. He was admitted but the next day afternoon he completely recovered [11].
      Also, a ten-month old girl had generalized weakness after taking Tamiflu. Her physical and mental development had been normal until the event. She almost had respiratory arrest, lost consciousness, and had a convulsion. Two hours later, her consciousness recovered, and she seemed to have no abnormality. However, it was later found that she could not talk or stand up holding onto something any more as she used to do. She is now four years old and needs full assistance [11].
      Sudden death due to respiratory arrest induced by Tamiflu is unpredictable. When a patient has respiratory arrest, even if someone notices it and tries to take him/her to hospital, she/he may have a cardiac arrest on the way. Sudden death is even more problematic than abnormal behavior. It is possible to closely monitor abnormal behavior. If a patient tries to rush out into the street, his/her family can hold and stop him/her. However, for cardiac arrest from respiratory arrest, there is not much the family can do, besides mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and heart massage. In the worst case, pound the pit of the stomach with a fist. Once oxygen is provided, a heartbeat may comeback.
      Death is not an acceptable outcome of treating self-limiting flu.

      Avoid influenza vaccination, too.

      If Tamiflu is dangerous, then many people would ask ヤwhat about vaccination?' In fact, in hospitals, nursing homes, and even air companies are practically forcing their staffs to receive influenza vaccination. However, there is no evidence that vaccination is effective at all, but the results of unreliable clinical trials and studies that cannot be even called clinical trial.
      Influenza vaccination has been proven ineffective in a large-sale study by Medical Association of Maebashi-city, Gunma, whose members were suspicious of its effectiveness. The study vaccinated elementary and junior high school students (these age groups can be most easily immunized), and found that it was not effective. This is not because the vaccine accidentally did not match the type of that season's influenza. Even if it had matched, it would still be ineffective.
      It is known that an antibody produced by influenza vaccination does not prevent infection. Then, how the vaccination can be "effective", as some experts argue? They insist that it would prevent flu from getting serious. However, the vaccination has been proven ineffective with tens of thousands of school children. And how could it prevent 80% of elderly flu patients' deaths?
      Before vaccination, a doctor asks a person whether he/she has fever, or has had any illness recently. Therefore, in other words, comparing elderly persons who "received" vaccination and those who "did not" means comparing those who are "healthy enough" for vaccination and those who are "ill". This type of comparison largely depends on health condition of the subjects, and proves nothing for the effectiveness of the vaccination itself. To study "effectiveness" properly, people with similar conditions (health state, age etc.) should be divided into a group with vaccination and one with no vaccination.
      There is no relationship between the number of vaccines inoculated and of the average total number of flu patients surveyed at specific points all over Japan (Figure 3). Anyway, flu vaccination is not effective. It is not only a waste of money, but also is harmful. Some medical professionals at institutes where vaccination is recommended for staffs say this winter's vaccination may especially be more harmful, and this is now under investigation. It is better to avoid vaccination.
      What should we do?
      When influenza prevails, you are at risk of getting influenza. Having a nutritious and balanced diet and enough rest and sleep would be the only effective ways to prevent infection and prevent worsening of flu. Generally, personal hygiene is of course important, but preventive effect of gargling and hand-washing is not scientifically proven. You should be careful not to let the body, nose and throat become cold on an unexpectedly cold day. A cold in summer may often caused by too much air cooling.
      When you have a cold or flu, keep yourself warm (especially nose and throat), and get a good rest and sleep. If you are unable to sleep soundly, it is enough to close your eyes and just lie down. Some might say "I'm too busy to get rest". This is well understandable. But the worst thing you can do is to keep working when you are sick, depending on antipyretics and Tamiflu.
      No vaccination, No antipyretics, and No Tamiflu for flu! Let's take rest.
      References

      1. Report of task force of MHLW for a study on symptoms during influenza (in Japanese)
      2. Web Kusuri-no-Check No71:28 Oct 2006 (revised on 1 Nov.)
      3. Web-Kusuri-no-Check International No5 English version of No59:3 boys died from adverse reactions probably related to Tamiflu: Nov. 25, 2005
      4. Web-Kusuri-no-Check International No6 English version of No61:Tamiflu-related Strange Behavior and Sudden Death: Three cases and 10 reasons why I think it relates to Tamiflu: Nov. 26, 2005
      5. Hama R. Tamiflu induces abnormal behavior in the first day afternoon (1), The Informed Prescriber 21 (11): 110-116, 2006
      6. Hama R. Tamiflu induces abnormal behavior in the first day afternoon (2), The Informed Prescriber 21 (12): 127-131, 2006
      7. Pediatric Advisory Committee November 16, 2006                       Briefing Information
      8. 2006 Safety Alerts for Drugs, Biologics, Medical Devices, and Dietary Supplements Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate)
      9. Edwards ET. Et al (Post-Marketing Safety Evaluator: Division of Drug Risk Evaluation DRE) Tamiflu AE Review 2006 (Adverse Event Reports Review of central nervous system/psychiatric disorders associated with the use of Tamiflu) : Memorandum (Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services, Food and Drug administration: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research=FDA CDER) Sept. 20 2006
      10. Edwards ET. Et al (Post-Marketing Safety Evaluator: Division of Drug Risk Evaluation DRE) Tamiflu AE Review 2005 (One-Year Post Pediatric Exclusivity Postmarketing Adverse Event Review). Memorandum(Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services, Food and Drug administration: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research=FDA CDER) August. 24 2005
      11. Hama R. Psycho-neurological adverse reactions to oseltamivir: case series and discussion of causal relationship (under contribution).

      Snowy Owl
      On top of this two salts NSAID Ibuprofen have a tendency to increase encephalopathy

      Comment


      • #4
        Re: Japan Acute encephalopathy pandemic flu in children

        "Fatal neuropsychiatric adverse reactions to oseltamivir:
         case series and overview of causal relationships"


        By Rokuro Hama M.D. (Chairperson, Kusuri-no-Check)

        is published in

        The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 20 (2008) 5-36. [1]
        DOI 10:3223/JRS-2008-0431 (IOS Press: free for abstract)


        The full paper is available on this website (full paper PDF) (erratum

        Kusuri-no-check has analyzed and investigated the causality link between oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and serious neuropsychiatric adverse reactions, including sudden deaths and accidental deaths due to abnormal behavior, since February 2005 when we first warned about this possibility.
        Rokuro Hama (Chairperson, Kusuri-no-Check) has published an overview of the safety aspects of oseltamivir in the latest issue of The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 20 (2008) 5-36. [1]
        This paper adds the following three major points to earlier reports: this is the first original paper presenting a case series of fatal or near fatal adverse reactions to Tamiflu; it is also the first paper overviewing the full spectrum of adverse reactions to Tamiflu, and the first paper discussing the causality and underlying mechanisms of the full spectrum of reactions to Tamiflu (from "3.13. What this paper adds to earlier reports": pp30-31).
        Professor Chris J. van Boxtel wrote in his editorial [2]:

        "As editor it is a pleasure for me to remind the reader that with this first issue of Volume 20 we commemorate the fact that it is 20 volumes ago that the founding editor of this journal, the esteemed Dr. M.N.G. Dukes, launched The International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine."
        "We celebrate this anniversary with a double issue which features the first in depth review of the safety aspects of oseltamivir. And for making a risk-benefit analysis for this antiviral agent, such a review is timely, given the fact that the United States and many other countries have been stockpiling oseltamivir in the face of the risk that avian flu will spark a pandemic. "
        "Enough about the effectiveness of oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza A infections. What can we say about its safety? Nausea and vomiting are the most commonly reported adverse events and Roche denies any dangerous side effects of its drug. However, there are concerns that oseltamivir may cause dangerous psychological side effects in some people. These concerns have focused on teenagers, but problems have also been reported in children and adults." - - - "In 2007, the Ministry warned that oseltamivir should not be given to children aged 10 to 19 - - -"
        "The details of this occasionally fatal neurotoxicity can be read in this issue of the Journal."
        He concluded:

        "When we keep all this in mind we inevitably have to come to the conclusion that the final question has to be "are we betting on a crippled horse?"
        We hope this paper could help not only health professionals and the public, but also regulatory authorities worldwide to make rational and safe decisions when dealing with oseltamivir.
        References:

        1. Hama R, Fatal neuropsychiatric adverse reactions to oseltamivir:  case series and overview of causal relationships. The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 20 (2008) 5-36.
          Abstract
          Full paper (PDF)
          Erratum
        2. van Boxtel CJ. Editorial. The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 20 (2008) 1-3.

        Comment


        • #5
          Re: Japan Acute encephalopathy pandemic flu in children

          Expert Calls for New Influenza epidemic encephalitis caused attention to children in fear of
          CNA / 2009/08/23

          (Central News Agency, Tokyo 22, Ta Kung Pao Yang Mingzhu) Japan's new influenza H1N1 spread of the epidemic, and even sumo wrestlers have to wear a mask all. Today came another girl suffering from a new influenza caused acute encephalitis, the experts urged parents to pay attention a child suffering from a new influenza may lead to encephalitis and death, or appear disoriented.

          Chiba Prefecture, announced today that a risk of a new influenza seven year-old girl with acute encephalitis. Old girl with fever up to 39.2 degrees the day before yesterday, there have also cough, vomiting, consciousness disorder appeared yesterday afternoon, the symptoms were taken to hospital inpatient.

          Japan Pediatric Society, said children suffering from a new influenza influenza encephalitis may cause death or symptoms of consciousness disturbance appeared to call on parents to be vigilant, if a child suffering from a new influenza, it would be better children taken to hospital treatment.

          Society also pointed out that the strong efficacy of anti-fever drugs may sometimes make a new flu worse, have to find doctors to consult.

          Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, said up to now, a new influenza infections caused by encephalitis, 4 to 14-year-old child a total of six people, are all experiencing convulsions, disturbance of consciousness of the situation, was rushed to hospital patient, but deaths have been reported.

          Japan has some primary schools after the summer holidays on the 19th semester 2, today many schools spread of new influenza in children who suffered from an emergency closed.

          Hokkaido Sapporo City 1 603 primary school students, 19 school that day, four were cold, 20 to 20, yesterday, to 60 people, including 25 new confirmed cases of influenza, the school decided to book for closure 1 week.

          Hokkaido, the multi-primary schools, high schools are starting to spread flu cluster case, one after another closed. In addition, Nagano Prefecture has decided to grade schools, from the absence of the temporary closure of the standards of the extent of 20% of those who changed to 10%.

          Ministry of Health, Labor announced yesterday that the country entered a new influenza epidemic period. Between 10 to 16 this month, estimated the number of influenza at some 11 million people, of which more than half of the new influenza patients.

          Patients with traditional illnesses, pregnant women, infants and young children, when a new influenza easily cause infection such as pneumonia becomes severe of the province will hold briefings next month to provide such information.

          Thick labor ministry said, seasonal influenza, then in previous years, between November to January popularity at its peak in about 5-10 weeks, but the new cases of influenza is currently difficult to predict. 980,822



          "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
          -Nelson Mandela

          Comment


          • #6
            Re: Japan Acute encephalopathy pandemic flu in children

            New flu infection, children watch, a series of flu encephalopathy
            Translation

            September 3 21:20 min Sankei delivery

            In patients with pandemic flu, "influenza encephalopathy" is to develop a series of cases. Shizuoka City, three days into the Ministry of Health has reported six cases of year-old boy with a total of 15 people said. The high mortality rate, the mechanism of onset is unknown, could occur if children without a chronic disease. Some experts, "noticing the unusual, consult your pediatrician immediately" and has warned.

            According to the ministry, Shizuoka City boy was reported that a promising way. Into one report and the onset of encephalopathy and the boys in Tochigi Prefecture and Nara Prefecture, at his home, earlier this month have already been three confirmed cases. Broken down by age of onset of patients with influenza encephalopathy so far focused on children aged 4-9. 。 In addition to the age of 12 and 14 years old, 47-year-old that some patients in both life-threatening condition, he said.

            More likely to develop influenza encephalopathy is generally less than 6 years old. But so far, 15 age group is relatively high and show cases. The ministry added, "Many experts and does not spread the infection to the lower age group yet," he said.

            In each year for seasonal influenza encephalopathy, to develop 100 to 300 people and killed 15 to 30 percent, 25 percent go to the after-effects. Japan Pediatric Society, the decreased level of consciousness and seizures, and introduces the main symptoms of impaired consciousness, has warned.

            Mechanism of onset is unclear, mostly, when the virus enters the body, the body's immune response to the excess, put pressure on the brain water leaking from the vessels of the brain. As a result, the failure to develop such awareness. About fever often occur one day, particular attention is needed immediately after onset. Also, because of what some medicine for fever to severe encephalopathy, it is important that you consult your physician before taking any medication in the home.

            Yokota Shiyunpei chairman of the Japan Pediatric Society, "which prevents influenza encephalopathy is not a drug. If you have any symptoms such as difficult to respond to the call, do not judge yourself, I want to consult your pediatrician immediately," he said.



            "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
            -Nelson Mandela

            Comment

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