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July 12th, 2010, 02:50 AM
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En cas de nouvelle épidémie à A(H1N1)v Les antigrippaux très précocement chez les transplantés
En cas de nouvelle épidémie à A(H1N1)v
Les antigrippaux très précocement chez les transplantés
POUR MIEUX définir la prise en charge des patients transplantés en cas de nouvelle épidémie à virus A(H1N1)v, un groupe d’étude collaboratif a été créé aux États-Unis. Il a réalisé une étude rétrospective sur la période allant d’avril à décembre 2009. Comme ils s’y attendaient, les chercheurs ont constaté une forte morbidité dans cette population très fragile. Ils ont, aussi et surtout, mis en évidence le rôle de l’instauration très précoce des antiviraux.
« Commencer le traitement antiviral précocement est important dans la réduction de la morbidité et de la mortalité au sein de cette population particulièrement fragile. Par exemple, au cours de la période de transmission, les patients transplantés présentant des signes ou des symptômes compatibles avec une grippe devraient probablement commencer empiriquement un traitement antiviral avant même confirmation. En outre, au moins un tiers des patients de notre cohorte ont rapporté un contact avec un membre du foyer atteint avant de déclarer leur affection. Dans ce cas, une chimioprophylaxie post-exposition semble un bon choix » écrivent Deepali Kumar et coll.
Dans 26 centres de transplantations américains, ils ont enrôlé 237 patients atteints par le nouveau virus grippal. Il s’agissait de 154 adultes, de 47 ans en moyenne, et de 83 enfants, de 9 ans en moyenne. Sur cette population, 167 patients (71 %) ont été hospitalisés, mais 230 ont eu des complications de l’infection virale. Ainsi, 73 (32 %) ont déclaré une pneumonie justifiant une hospitalisation pour 37 (16 %) d’entre eux et 10 (4 %) en sont décédés.
Un traitement antiviral (essentiellement de l’oseltamivir) a été prescrit dans 223 cas (94 %). L’analyse chronologique prend ici tout son sens. En effet, 7 patients (8 %) qui avaient reçu le traitement dans les 48 premières heures ont été admis en unité de soins intensifs, alors que 28 (22,4 %) qui avaient été traités plus tard ont été hospitalisés en USI. Quant aux enfants, s’ils ont déclaré moins de pneumonies, leur taux d’hospitalisation a été similaire.
Les auteurs concluent que « la vaccination à la fois du patient transplanté de ses contacts à la maison est probablement une mesure préventive importante, puisque la réponse vaccinale semble être suboptimale après transplantation ».
› Dr GUY BENZADON
Lancet Infectious Disease, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70133-X.
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