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Characterization of Low Pathogenicity H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses from North America
<NOBR>Erica Spackman<SUP>*</SUP>,</NOBR> <NOBR>David E. Swayne,</NOBR> <NOBR>David L. Suarez,</NOBR> <NOBR>Dennis A. Senne,</NOBR> <NOBR>Janice C. Pedersen,</NOBR> <NOBR>Mary Lea Killian,</NOBR> <NOBR>John Pasick,</NOBR> <NOBR>Katherine Handel,</NOBR> <NOBR>Smitha P. Somanathan Pillai,</NOBR> <NOBR>Chang-Won Lee,</NOBR> <NOBR>David Stallknecht,</NOBR> <NOBR>Richard Slemons,</NOBR> <NOBR>Hon S. Ip,</NOBR> and <NOBR>Tom Deliberto</NOBR>
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Athens, Georgia, USA; National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA-APHIS, Ames, Iowa, USA; National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, CFIA, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; The Ohio State University, Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA; The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; USDA-APHIS Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
<SUP>*</SUP> To whom correspondence should be addressed. <SCRIPT type=text/javascript><!-- var u = "Erica.Spackman", d = "ars.usda.gov"; document.getElementById("em0").innerHTML = '<a href="mailto:' + u + '@' + d + '">' + u + '@' + d + '<\/a>'//--></SCRIPT>
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<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" bgColor=#e1e1e1><TBODY><TR><TD vAlign=center align=left width="5%" bgColor=#ffffff>
</TD><TH vAlign=center align=left width="95%">Abstract</TH></TR></TBODY></TABLE>Wild bird surveillance in North America for avian influenza<SUP> </SUP>(AI) viruses with a goal of early identification of the Asian<SUP> </SUP>H5N1 highly pathogenic AI virus has identified at least six<SUP> </SUP>low pathogenic H5N1 AI viruses between 2004 and 2006. The hemagglutinin<SUP> </SUP>(HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from all 6 H5N1 viruses and<SUP> </SUP>an additional 38 North American wild bird-origin H5 subtype<SUP> </SUP>and 28 N1 subtype viruses, were sequenced and compared with<SUP> </SUP>sequence available from GenBank by phylogenetic analysis. Both<SUP> </SUP>the HA and NA were phylogenetically distinct from viruses from<SUP> </SUP>outside of North America, and from viruses recovered from mammals.<SUP> </SUP>Four of the H5N1 AI viruses were characterized as low pathogenicity<SUP> </SUP>by standard in vivo pathotyping tests. One of the H5N1 viruses,<SUP> </SUP>A/MuteSwan/MI/451072-2/06, was shown to replicate to low titers<SUP> </SUP>in chickens, turkeys and ducks. However, transmission of A/MuteSwan/MI/451072-2/06<SUP> </SUP>was more efficient among ducks than chickens or turkeys based<SUP> </SUP>on virus shed. The 50% chicken infectious dose for A/MuteSwan/MI/451072-2/06,<SUP> </SUP>and three other wild waterfowl origin H5 viruses were also determined<SUP> </SUP>and were between 10<SUP>5.3</SUP> and 10<SUP>7.5</SUP> 50% egg infectious doses. Finally,<SUP> </SUP>seven H5 viruses, representing different phylogenetic clades<SUP> </SUP>were evaluated for their antigenic relatedness by hemagglutination<SUP> </SUP>inhibition assay, showing the antigenic relatedness was largely<SUP> </SUP>associated with geographic origin. Overall the data supports<SUP> </SUP>the conclusion that North American H5 wild bird origin AI viruses<SUP> </SUP>are low pathogenicity, wild bird adapted viruses, and are antigenically<SUP> </SUP>and genetically distinct from the highly pathogenic Asian H5N1<SUP> </SUP>virus lineage.
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<NOBR>Erica Spackman<SUP>*</SUP>,</NOBR> <NOBR>David E. Swayne,</NOBR> <NOBR>David L. Suarez,</NOBR> <NOBR>Dennis A. Senne,</NOBR> <NOBR>Janice C. Pedersen,</NOBR> <NOBR>Mary Lea Killian,</NOBR> <NOBR>John Pasick,</NOBR> <NOBR>Katherine Handel,</NOBR> <NOBR>Smitha P. Somanathan Pillai,</NOBR> <NOBR>Chang-Won Lee,</NOBR> <NOBR>David Stallknecht,</NOBR> <NOBR>Richard Slemons,</NOBR> <NOBR>Hon S. Ip,</NOBR> and <NOBR>Tom Deliberto</NOBR>
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Athens, Georgia, USA; National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA-APHIS, Ames, Iowa, USA; National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, CFIA, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; The Ohio State University, Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA; The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; USDA-APHIS Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
<SUP>*</SUP> To whom correspondence should be addressed. <SCRIPT type=text/javascript><!-- var u = "Erica.Spackman", d = "ars.usda.gov"; document.getElementById("em0").innerHTML = '<a href="mailto:' + u + '@' + d + '">' + u + '@' + d + '<\/a>'//--></SCRIPT>
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<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" bgColor=#e1e1e1><TBODY><TR><TD vAlign=center align=left width="5%" bgColor=#ffffff>
</TD><TH vAlign=center align=left width="95%">Abstract</TH></TR></TBODY></TABLE>Wild bird surveillance in North America for avian influenza<SUP> </SUP>(AI) viruses with a goal of early identification of the Asian<SUP> </SUP>H5N1 highly pathogenic AI virus has identified at least six<SUP> </SUP>low pathogenic H5N1 AI viruses between 2004 and 2006. The hemagglutinin<SUP> </SUP>(HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from all 6 H5N1 viruses and<SUP> </SUP>an additional 38 North American wild bird-origin H5 subtype<SUP> </SUP>and 28 N1 subtype viruses, were sequenced and compared with<SUP> </SUP>sequence available from GenBank by phylogenetic analysis. Both<SUP> </SUP>the HA and NA were phylogenetically distinct from viruses from<SUP> </SUP>outside of North America, and from viruses recovered from mammals.<SUP> </SUP>Four of the H5N1 AI viruses were characterized as low pathogenicity<SUP> </SUP>by standard in vivo pathotyping tests. One of the H5N1 viruses,<SUP> </SUP>A/MuteSwan/MI/451072-2/06, was shown to replicate to low titers<SUP> </SUP>in chickens, turkeys and ducks. However, transmission of A/MuteSwan/MI/451072-2/06<SUP> </SUP>was more efficient among ducks than chickens or turkeys based<SUP> </SUP>on virus shed. The 50% chicken infectious dose for A/MuteSwan/MI/451072-2/06,<SUP> </SUP>and three other wild waterfowl origin H5 viruses were also determined<SUP> </SUP>and were between 10<SUP>5.3</SUP> and 10<SUP>7.5</SUP> 50% egg infectious doses. Finally,<SUP> </SUP>seven H5 viruses, representing different phylogenetic clades<SUP> </SUP>were evaluated for their antigenic relatedness by hemagglutination<SUP> </SUP>inhibition assay, showing the antigenic relatedness was largely<SUP> </SUP>associated with geographic origin. Overall the data supports<SUP> </SUP>the conclusion that North American H5 wild bird origin AI viruses<SUP> </SUP>are low pathogenicity, wild bird adapted viruses, and are antigenically<SUP> </SUP>and genetically distinct from the highly pathogenic Asian H5N1<SUP> </SUP>virus lineage.<SUP></SUP></VARDEF>
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