Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

[gsgs]

...and, is there anyone else except you who says this (multiple introductions) ?

[HenryN]

Originally Posted by gsgs

...and, is there anyone else except you who says this (multiple introductions) ?

Yes, everyone (who can read a phylogenetic tree) agrees that there were multiple introductions (the data are VERY easy to read).

[HenryN]

Influenza Is Beginning To Rise In Massachusetts, USA

Main Category: Flu / Cold / SARS
Also Included In: Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses; Respiratory / Asthma
Article Date: 10 Feb 2009 - 6:00 PST


After a relatively mild flu season so far, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (DPH) announced today that influenza activity is beginning to increase across the state. The timing is not unusual - flu season usually peaks in February or early March. Flu activity is starting to increase across the country as well.

The best way to prevent the flu is by getting vaccinated. Over 3 million doses of influenza vaccine have been distributed during the 2008-2009 influenza season, including 808,000 doses of state-supplied vaccine. Contact your healthcare provider if you are interested in getting a flu shot.

The increase in influenza activity and the resistance to medications that treat the influenza illness makes it all that much more important to take measures to protect yourself, co-workers, friends and family. Key measures are:

- Handwashing: To avoid getting the flu, handwashing is very important, as well as avoiding close contact with those who are ill.

- Covering your cough: Sick or well, always cover your cough - use your arm to stifle a cough, not your hand.

- Stay home from work or school if you are sick.

Flu Activity Nationwide and in Mass.

For the week ending January 24, 2009, two states reported widespread influenza activity and 14 states, including Massachusetts and four other New England states, reported regional activity. Of those influenza viruses of a known type, 81% were influenza type A and 19% were influenza type B.

In Massachusetts, the number of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza reported to DPH each week has risen consistently over the past three weeks, with a significant increase between the week ending January 17th and the week ending January 24th. Twelve specimens have been subtyped at the William A. Hinton State Laboratory Institute during the 2008-2009 season. Six of these specimens have been A/H1N1, five have been H3N2 and one was identified as type B.

Resistance to Antivirals

The CDC recently announced that the predominant strain of influenza circulating nationally (influenza A H1N1) has developed resistance to a widely used antiviral medication, oseltamivir (Tamiflu®). Doctors often prescribe antiviral medications to treat the symptoms of people with the flu. While this particular antiviral medication has proven less effective against this year's predominant flu strain, another antiviral called zanamavir (Relenza®) continues to be effective in treating flu symptoms.

Fortunately, this year's flu vaccine is protective against the predominant strain circulating this year.

For complete information about surveillance for influenza in Massachusetts, go to http://www.mass.gov/dph/flu, and click on Seasonal Flu, then Influenza Surveillance, and then Massachusetts Surveillance Data.

For general information on influenza in multiple languages, please visit the DPH flu webpage at http://www.mass.gov/dph/flu, or see the "Flu: What You Can Do" informational campaign at http://www.mass.gov/dph.

Massachusetts Department of Public Health


View drug information on Relenza; Tamiflu capsule.

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/138509.php

[HenryN]

Antiviral-Resistant Influenza Strain Indentified In North Dakota

Main Category: Flu / Cold / SARS
Also Included In: Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses; MRSA / Drug Resistance
Article Date: 10 Feb 2009 - 6:00 PST



The North Dakota Department of Health has identified the strain of influenza which is resistant to a common treatment called oseltamivir (better known as Tamiflu®), according to Michelle Feist, influenza surveillance coordinator with the Department of Health.

"Tests conducted at our lab confirmed that this flu strain taken from a North Dakota resident was an influenza A H1 strain, and further testing performed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed it was resistant to the antiviral commonly called Tamiflu®," Feist said. "As a result, the department has added information to its website that includes state and nationwide influenza antiviral resistance data, along with information for the public and healthcare providers. That information can be found at http://www.ndflu.com."

Tests completed by the CDC have shown that this common strain of the flu, known as type A H1N1, is becoming resistant to Tamiflu®. Data shows that of the flu viruses tested, 98 percent could not be treated with the antiviral Tamiflu®. Alternate treatment is available and patients should discuss these options with their health-care provider.

"Of course, preventing the flu is always better than trying to treat it," Feist said. "The flu season is just beginning, so it is not too late to be vaccinated."

So far this season, 94 cases of influenza have been reported in North Dakota.

Reported influenza case numbers will be updated every Wednesday on the website, http://www.ndflu.com.

North Dakota Department of Health


View drug information on Tamiflu capsule.

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/138517.php

[gsgs]

positions 37,213,258,605,607,616,626,645,732 in HA
and 9,246,261,750,826,840,930,969,1064,1239 in NA
in A/Brisbane/59/2006(H1N1) - like viruses since 2007 at genbank

these are the "marker-mutations", which appear in many viruses
and "mark" the corresponding strain and allow tracking

H275Y corresponds to a T at 826 in NA, 14th letter in the list below

------------GCCCTA-   2008///A/Istanbul-TR/37
------------GCCCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/055
------------GCCCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/056
------------GCCCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/097
------------GCCCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/100
------------GCCCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/138
------------GCTCCA-   2008///A/Edirne-TR/39
------------GCTCCA-   2008///A/Izmir-TR/26
------------GCTCCA-   2008///A/Izmir-TR/32
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/07/A/Aichi/4
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/08/A/Aichi/10
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/10/A/Aichi/1
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/10/A/Aichi/12
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/16/A/Aichi/13
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/18/A/Aichi/24
------------GCTCCA-   2008/01/29/A/Aichi/64
------------GCTCCAA   2007///A/Luxembourg/1083
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/091
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/104
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/109
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/142
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/151
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/152
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/189
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/257
------------GCTCCAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/360
------------GCTCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/120
------------GCTCTAA   2008///A/Luxembourg/300
------------GTC----   2008/01/29/A/Leiden/07120
------------GTCC---   2008/01/02/A/Leiden/00822
------------GTCCT--   2008/01/23/A/Grodno/108
------------GTCCTG-   2007/12/03/A/Istanbul-TR/1219
------------GTCCTG-   2008///A/Bursa-TR/28
------------GTCCTG-   2008///A/Ireland/24
------------GTCCTG-   2008///A/Ireland/27
------------GTCCTG-   2008///A/Ireland/68
------------GTCCTG-   2008///A/Ireland/69
------------GTCCTG-   2008/01//A/Hong Kong/17
------------GTCCTG-   2008/01/19/A/Istanbul-TR/111
------------GTCCTG-   2008/02/05/A/Minsk/142
------------GTCCTG-   2008/02/06/A/Minsk/124
------------GTCCTG-   2008/02/15/A/Minsk/211
------------GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/090
------------GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/115
------------GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/222
------------GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/273
------------GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/285
------------GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/456
------------GTCCTGA   2008/01/31/A/Grodno/163
----------GCGTCCTGA   2008/02/05/A/Netherlands/159
----------TCGCCCTAA   2007///A/Norway/1758
----------TCGCTCCAA   2007/12/20/A/Paris/814
----------TCGCTCTAA   2007/10/22/A/Paris/194
----------TCGCTCTAA   2008/02/04/A/Netherlands/162
----------TCGTCCTGA   2007/12/05/A/Paris/577
----------TCGTCCTGA   2007/12/19/A/Paris/749
----------TCGTCCTGA   2007/12/27/A/Paris/847
----------TCGTCCTGA   2008/05/16/A/Johannesburg/12
---------CGCATCTTGG   2008/10/26/A/Texas/16
---------CGCGTCCTGA   2008/02/15/A/Leiden/11693
---------CGCGTCCTGA   2008/02/25/A/Leiden/13892
---------CTCGCCCTAA   2007/11/26/A/Paris/497
---------CTCGCCCTAA   2008///A/Denmark/07
---------CTCGCCCTAA   2008///A/Denmark/09
---------CTCGCCCTAA   2008/01/04/A/Denmark/4
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2007/11/20/A/Paris/438
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2007/12/10/A/Paris/611
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2007/12/12/A/Paris/658
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/15
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/151
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/33
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/37
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/46
---------CTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/10/A/Paris/1149
---------CTCGCTCTAA   2007/11/02/A/Paris/286
---------CTCGCTCTAA   2007/11/30/A/Paris/546
---------CTCGCTCTAA   2008///A/Denmark/14
---------CTCGCTCTAA   2008///A/Denmark/18
---------CTCGCTCTAA   2008/03/14/A/Tennessee/03
---------CTCGCTTTAA   2007///A/Denmark/28
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2007/01/05/A/Paris/910
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2007/11/20/A/Paris/644
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2007/12/29/A/Illinois/16
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/13/A/Paris/1170
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/15/A/Paris/1154
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/15/A/Paris/1157
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/15/A/Paris/1208
---------CTCGTCCTGA   2008/02/26/A/Yokohama/77
---------CTCGTTCCAA   2008/01/04/A/Paris/963
---------CTCGTTCCAA   2008/01/28/A/Yokohama/22
---------CTCGTTCCAA   2008/01/28/A/Yokohama/30
---------CTCGTTCCAA   2008/01/28/A/Yokohama/31
---------CTCGTTCCAA   2008/01/28/A/Yokohama/34
---------CTTGCTCCAA   2007/10/31/A/Colorado/26
---------CTTGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/06
---------CTTGCTCCAA   2008/01/09/A/South Dakota/02
---------CTTGCTTCAA   2008/03/13/A/Ohio/02
---------TTCGCCCTAA   08/01/10/A/Berlin/1
---------TTCGCTCCAA   2007///A/Norway/1729
---------TTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Zagreb/1982
---------TTCGCTCTAA   08///A/Luxembourg/20
---------TTCGTCCTGA   07/12/11/A/Lyon/1337
---------TTCGTCCTGA   08/01/06/A/Belgium/G257
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2007///A/Canarias/RR-2915
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2007///A/Norway/1736
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/07/A/Finland/11
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/15/A/Luxembourg/116
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/27/A/Austria/406109
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2008/05//A/Johannesburg/14
---------TTCGTCCTGA   2008/06/10/A/Johannesburg/36
---------TTCGTTCCAA   2007/11/22/A/Scotland/5
---------TTCGTTCCAA   2007/12/28/A/England/684
---GAGATC----------   2008/01/14/A/Austria/402939
-CAAGAATC----------   2008/05/15/A/Johannesburg/10
-CAAGAATC----------   2008/06/09/A/Johannesburg/34
-CAAGAATC----------   2008/10/02/A/Kisii/7541
-CAAGAATCTTCGTCCTGA   2008/06/09/A/Johannesburg/35
-CACGAATC----------   2008/11/14/A/Mbagathi/7596
-CAGAAATC-GCGTCCTGA   2008/01/21/A/Bucuresti/229
-CAGGGATC----------   2008///A/Paris/1208
-CAGGGATC----------   2008/01/06/A/Belgium/G257
-CAGGGATC----------   2008/01/18/A/Austria/404337
-CAGGGATC----------   2008/02/13/A/Parma/34
-CAGGGATC---GTCCTA-   2008/02//A/Baleares/R2928
-CAGGGATC---GTCCTG-   2007/12//A/Canarias/R2915
-CAGGGATC---GTCCTGA   2008///A/Luxembourg/116
-CAGGGATC-TCGCCCTAA   2008/01/03/A/Barcelona/00083
-CAGGGATC-TCGCCCTAA   2008/01/14/A/Bucuresti/137
-CAGGGATC-TCGCCCTAA   2008/02/06/A/Kiev/245
-CAGGGATC-TCGTCCTGA   2008/01/02/A/Lisbon/3
-CAGGGATC-TCGTCCTGA   2008/02/13/A/Geneva/9296
-CAGGGATC-TCGTCCTGA   2008/03/03/A/Berlin/47
-CAGGGATC-TCGTCCTGA   2008/05/27/A/CapeTown/26
-CAGGGATCTTCGCCCTAA   2008/01/17/A/Austria/403918
-CAGGGATCTTCGCCCTAA   2008/01/22/A/Trieste/16
-CAGGGATCTTCGCCCTAA   2008/01/31/A/Lisbon/15
-CAGGGATCTTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/08/A/Athens/41
-CAGGGATCTTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/10/A/Slovenia/123
-CAGGGATCTTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/21/A/Austria/404811
-CAGGGATCTTCGTCCTGA   2008/02/12/A/Kiev/313
-CAGGGATCTTCGTCCTGA   2008/06/03/A/Johannesburg/21
-TAAGAACT----------   2008/11/11/A/Kisii/7577
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/07/08/A/Kenya/6901
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/10/05/A/Kisii/7543
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/10/09/A/Kericho/7525
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/10/17/A/Kisii/7554
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/10/30/A/Kericho/7529
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/11/03/A/Kisii/7565
-TAAGGACT----------   2008/11/11/A/Kericho/7535
-TAGAGACC----------   2008/01/31/A/Zagreb/1982
-TAGAGACC-TCGCTCCAA   2008/01/21/A/Bulgaria/155
-TAGAGACC-TCGCTCCAA   2008/01/25/A/Hungary/13
-TAGGGACC----------   2007/03/02/A/Niigata/F158
-TAGGGACC----------   2007/03/06/A/Milan/19
-TAGGGACC----------   2007/03/23/A/Niigata/F438
-TAGGGACC----------   2007/12/10/A/Norway/1729
-TAGGGACC----------   2008///A/Ireland/v1088
-TAGGGACC----------   2008/01/16/A/Austria/403617
-TAGGGACC---GCTCCA-   2008/01/09/A/Aichi/16
-TAGGGACC-TCGCTCTAA   2008/02/27/A/Aichi/74
-TAGGGACCTTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/14/A/Ostrava/79
-TAGGGACCTTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/23/A/Latvia/1-938
-TAGGGACT----------   2007///A/Paris/658
-TAGGGATC----------   2007/11/23/A/Norway/1703
-TAGGGATC----------   2008/01/08/A/Austria/402127
-TAGGGATC----------   2008/01/09/A/Austria/402138
-TAGGGATC----------   2008/01/10/A/Berlin/1
-TAGGGATC---GCTCTA-   2007/12/05/A/Aichi/96
-TAGGGATC---GCTCTA-   2008/01/17/A/Aichi/28
-TAGGGATCTTCGCCCTAA   2007///A/Turkey/1558
-TAGGGATCTTCGCCCTAA   2008/01/10/A/Slovenia/131
-TGGGGACT----------   2008/01/22/A/Austria/404577
-TGGGGACT---GTTCCA-   2008/02/19/A/Aichi/76
ACAAAAATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/12/09/A/Minnesota/27
ACAARAATC----------   2008/07/23/A/Washington/05
ACACAAATCCACGTCCTGA   2008/11/02/A/Washington/08
ACACAAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/10/15/A/Hawaii/19
ACACRAATCCACGTCCTGA   2008/12/05/A/Wisconsin/17
ACAGAAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/01/10/A/Washington/01
ACAGAAATCTGCGTCCTGA   2007/11/24/A/New Jersey/15
ACAGAGATC----------   2008///A/Denmark/94
ACAGAGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2007/07/17/A/South Dakota/06
ACAGGAATC----------   2008/01/28/A/Wisconsin/01
ACAGGAATC----------   2008/02/14/A/New Jersey/AF1291
ACAGGAATC----------   2008/03/03/A/Texas/AF1960
ACAGGAATC----------   2008/03/28/A/South Carolina/01
ACAGGAATCCGCATCCTGA   2008/01/15/A/Pennsylvania/02
ACAGGAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2007/12/16/A/New Jersey/16
ACAGGAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2007/12/26/A/Maryland/04
ACAGGAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/01/22/A/New Jersey/05
ACAGGAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/02/02/A/New Jersey/06
ACAGGAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/10/27/A/Maryland/04
ACAGGAATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008///A/Florida/24
ACAGGAATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/12/04/A/Nebraska/07
ACAGGAATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/12/12/A/North Dakota/01
ACAGGGATC----------   2007///A/Paris/749
ACAGGGATC----------   2007/07/17/A/South Dakota/AF1302
ACAGGGATC----------   2007/12/12/A/Arizona/13
ACAGGGATC----------   2007/12/12/A/Arizona/14
ACAGGGATC----------   2007/12/20/A/Austria/400115
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/04/A/Norway/76
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/18/A/Austria/404342
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/28/A/Illinois/07
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/28/A/Norway/199
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/30/A/Alabama/AF1210
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/30/A/Illinois/10
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/01/31/A/Illinois/11
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/02/01/A/Norway/256
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/02/08/A/Illinois/13
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/02/14/A/Wyoming/10
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/02/22/A/South Carolina/AF1299
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/02/23/A/Maryland/AF1285
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/03/13/A/Oklahoma/AF1901
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/07/07/A/Honduras/AF1968
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/07/21/A/Honduras/AF1994
ACAGGGATC----------   2008/07/22/A/Honduras/AF1993
ACAGGGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2007/12/30/A/Wisconsin/36
ACAGGGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2008/02/06/A/Florida/09
ACAGGGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2008/02/06/A/North Carolina/04
ACAGGGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2008/02/09/A/Georgia/05
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2007///A/Denmark/27
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2007/12/12/A/Illinois/10
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2007/12/22/A/Arizona/15
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008///A/Denmark/52
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/09/A/England/26
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/15/A/Minnesota/01
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/29/A/Indiana/01
ACAGGGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/02/13/A/Denmark/122
ACAGRAATC----------   2008/11/23/A/Massachusetts/09
ACAGRAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/11/03/A/Wisconsin/12
ACAGRAATCCGCGTCCTGA   2008/12/10/A/Maryland/05
ACAGRAATCCTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/21/A/New Jersey/08
ACAGRAATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/11/16/A/Wisconsin/16
ACAGRGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2008/02/18/A/Vermont/01
ACAGRGATCCTCGCCCTAA   2008/08/27/A/Florida/17
ACAGRGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2007/12/06/A/Arizona/03
ACAGRGATCCTCGTCCTGA   2008/01/01/A/Hawaii/01
ACAGRGATCCTCGTTCTGA   2007/12/13/A/Pennsylvania/13
ACATAAATCCGCATCTTGA   2008/01/15/A/Memphis/03
ACATAAGTC----------   2008/11/10/A/Hawaii/46
ACATAAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/10/26/A/Texas/15
ACATAAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/10/31/A/Florida/19
ACATAAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/16/A/Arizona/13
ACATAAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/17/A/Massachusetts/08
ACATAAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/20/A/Illinois/15
ACATAAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/27/A/Illinois/16
ACATGAGTC----------   2008/11/03/A/Michigan/05
ACATGAGTCCACATCTTGG   2008/10/25/A/Hawaii/21
ACATGAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/10/13/A/Pennsylvania/08
ACATGAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/02/A/Pennsylvania/09
ACATGAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/03/A/Florida/21
ACATGAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/26/A/Illinois/17
ACATGAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/29/A/Michigan/06
ACATGAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/12/02/A/Texas/29
ACATRAATCCGCATCTTGG   2008/02/05/A/North Carolina/02
ACATRAGTC----------   2008/10/22/A/South Carolina/06
ACATRAGTC----------   2008/10/25/A/Florida/18
ACATRAGTC----------   2008/12/10/A/Alaska/05
ACATRAGTC----------   2008/12/10/A/Virginia/03
ACATRAGTC----------   2008/12/24/A/Idaho/23
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/10/18/A/Hawaii/20
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/10/30/A/Delaware/01
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/04/A/Texas/17
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/06/A/Texas/18
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/20/A/Texas/23
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/11/23/A/Texas/27
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/12/04/A/Tennessee/11
ACATRAGTCCGCATCTTGG   2008/12/22/A/New Jersey/23
ATAAGGACT----------   2008/04/29/A/Kisii/5886
ATAAGGACT----------   2008/04/29/A/Kisumu/5933
ATAAGGACT----------   2008/04/29/A/Kisumu/5934
ATAAGGACT----------   2008/06/06/A/Kisii/5896
ATAAGGGCT----------   2008/07/01/A/Kisumu/6543
ATAGAGACC----------   2007/12/05/A/New York/16
ATAGAGACCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/11/06/A/Washington/28
ATAGAGACCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/11/A/Florida/06
ATAGAGACT----------   2007/10/01/A/Hawaii/31
ATAGAGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/11/07/A/Hawaii/39
ATAGAGATC----------   2008/01/07/A/Austria/401355
ATAGAGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/04/A/New Jersey/03
ATAGGAATCTTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/22/A/Idaho/01
ATAGGGACC----------   2007///A/Denmark/22
ATAGGGACC----------   2007///A/England/684
ATAGGGACC----------   2007///A/Kuwait/AF1207
ATAGGGACC----------   2007///A/Paris/194
ATAGGGACC----------   2007///A/Paris/438
ATAGGGACC----------   2007/11/17/A/Iraq/AF1188
ATAGGGACC----------   2007/12/04/A/Alaska/13
ATAGGGACC----------   2007/12/19/A/Japan/AF1278
ATAGGGACC----------   2007/12/31/A/England/654
ATAGGGACC----------   2008///A/Denmark/01
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/01/16/A/Austria/404579
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/01/22/A/Austria/404805
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/01/25/A/Japan/AF1273
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/01/29/A/Texas/09
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/02/19/A/Texas/AF1325
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/02/27/A/Washington/AF1911
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/02/27/A/Washington/AF1921
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/02/28/A/Idaho/09
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/03/14/A/Hawaii/AF1896
ATAGGGACC----------   2008/08/20/A/Texas/11
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/02/21/A/California/UR06-0393
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/03/01/A/California/UR06-0479
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/03/01/A/Kentucky/UR06-0476
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/07/28/A/England/545
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/08/29/A/Texas/32
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/12/01/A/Massachusetts/14
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/12/03/A/Alaska/11
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2008///A/Denmark/05
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/16/A/Alaska/02
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/27/A/Washington/40
ATAGGGACCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/02/05/A/New York/05
ATAGGGACCTTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/02/A/Thailand/39
ATAGGGACCTTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/03/A/New Mexico/01
ATAGGGACT----------   2007///A/Paris/611
ATAGGGACT----------   2007///A/Paris/814
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/07/09/A/Johannesburg/67
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/07/17/A/Perth/73
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/09/08/A/Sydney/581
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/10//A/Malindi/4835
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/10/03/A/Georgia/08
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/10/19/A/Hawaii/18
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/11//A/Kericho/4831
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/11/21/A/Qatar/AF1205
ATAGGGACT----------   2007/12/31/A/Japan/AF1963
ATAGGGACT----------   2008///A/Denmark/11
ATAGGGACT----------   2008/01/31/A/Arkansas/AF1213
ATAGGGACT----------   2008/02/01/A/Maryland/AF1281
ATAGGGACT----------   2008/02/27/A/Germany/AF1983
ATAGGGACT----------   2008/03/05/A/Kericho/5883
ATAGGGACTATCGCTCCAA   2007/12/16/A/Florida/13
ATAGGGACTCTCGCTCCAA   2007/09/18/A/Idaho/11
ATAGGGACTCTCGCTCCAA   2007/12/16/A/Florida/15
ATAGGGACTCTCGCTCCAA   2008/01/02/A/Pennsylvania/01
ATAGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/10/25/A/Hawaii/20
ATAGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/11/13/A/Pennsylvania/10
ATAGGGACTCTTGCTCCGA   2007/10/24/A/California/27
ATAGGGACTCTTGTTCCAA   2007/10/22/A/Hawaii/21
ATAGGGACTCTTGTTCCAA   2007/10/22/A/Hawaii/28
ATAGGGACTTTTGCTCCAA   2007/07/01/A/Brisbane/59
ATAGGGACTTTTGCTCCAA   2007/08/30/A/Christchurch/62
ATAGGGACTTTTGCTCCAA   2007/09/02/A/Brisbane/308
ATAGGGATC----------   2007///A/Paris/497
ATAGGGATC----------   2007///A/Paris/546
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/07/13/A/Thailand/545
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/09//A/Mbagathi/4833
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/10/04/A/Washington/27
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/11/14/A/Arizona/04
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/12/01/A/Iraq/AF1191
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/12/08/A/Iraq/AF1192
ATAGGGATC----------   2007/12/11/A/Lyon/1337
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/01/02/A/Austria/400861
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/01/08/A/Japan/AF1271
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/01/14/A/Austria/402937
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/01/16/A/Norway/169
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/01/23/A/New Mexico/AF1900
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/01/26/A/Washington/AF1340
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/02/06/A/Oklahoma/AF1956
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/02/27/A/Germany/AF1972
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/02/27/A/Germany/AF1979
ATAGGGATC----------   2008/03/06/A/Texas/10
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/10/15/A/Texas/41
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/11/26/A/Texas/74
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/02/A/Arizona/07
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/04/A/Texas/70
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/05/A/Wisconsin/35
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/10/A/Florida/10
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/13/A/Illinois/11
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/28/A/Florida/19
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008///A/Denmark/02
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/04/A/Maryland/01
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/07/A/Colorado/01
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/07/A/Pennsylvania/05
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/15/A/California/05
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/17/A/New Jersey/04
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/22/A/Idaho/02
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/02/18/A/Indiana/04
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/02/18/A/New Jersey/13
ATAGGGATCCTCGCTTTAA   2008/01/18/A/Alaska/03
ATAGGGATCCTCGTTCTAA   2008/01/04/A/Florida/02
ATAGGGATCTTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/11/A/New Jersey/02
ATAGRGACC----------   2007/12/11/A/Texas/78
ATAGRGACC----------   2008/01/25/A/Texas/08
ATAGRGACCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/14/A/Washington/33
ATAGRGACCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/19/A/Washington/34
ATAGRGACT----------   2008/02/06/A/Georgia/06
ATAGRGACTCTCGCTCCAA   2007/11/28/A/Iowa/04
ATAGRGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/10/02/A/California/28
ATAGRGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/10/10/A/Hawaii/35
ATAGRGATC----------   2007/12/18/A/New Mexico/07
ATAGRGATC----------   2008/02/05/A/Oklahoma/02
ATAGRGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2007/12/04/A/Florida/12
ATAGRGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/01/30/A/New York/03
ATAGRGATCCTCGCTCTAA   2008/02/20/A/Oklahoma/03
ATAGRGTCCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/01/29/A/California/05
ATGGGGACCCTCGCTCCAA   2007/12/12/A/Illinois/17
ATGGGGACT----------   2008/02/14/A/North Carolina/05
GTGGAGACCCTTGCTCCAA   2007/11/06/A/Colorado/27
GTGGAGACT----------   2007/10/03/A/Victoria/07159220
GTGGAGACT----------   2008/01/07/A/Florida/08
GTGGAGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/10/15/A/Colorado/25
GTGGAGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/12/16/A/Illinois/13
GTGGAGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2008/01/25/A/Hawaii/06
GTGGAGACTTTTGCTCCAA   2007/11/12/A/Colorado/21
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/09/04/A/South Australia/423/
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/10/29/A/Honduras/AF1970
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/12/03/A/California/40
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/12/05/A/California/39
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/12/06/A/Colorado/33
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/12/29/A/North Dakota/05
GTGGGGACT----------   2007/12/31/A/Colorado/AF1215
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/01/A/Colorado/AF1217
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/09/A/Washington/AF1332
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/09/A/Washington/AF1333
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/13/A/Louisiana/03
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/21/A/Nebraska/01
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/24/A/Mississippi/06
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/27/A/Maryland/AF1280
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/28/A/Colorado/AF1218
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/29/A/Washington/AF1341
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/01/30/A/Washington/AF1342
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/04/A/Colorado/AF1219
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/06/A/South Dakota/AF1301
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/11/A/Washington/AF1343
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/19/A/South Carolina/AF1298
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/19/A/Washington/AF1344
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/22/A/South Carolina/AF1893
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/26/A/Florida/AF1222
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/27/A/Washington/AF1347
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/02/27/A/Washington/AF1891
GTGGGGACT----------   2008/03/11/A/Illinois/06
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/11/01/A/Florida/05
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/12/09/A/Colorado/39
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/12/10/A/Pennsylvania/11
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/12/12/A/Pennsylvania/14
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/12/20/A/Pennsylvania/16
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2007/12/21/A/Pennsylvania/15
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2008/01/17/A/Memphis/07
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2008/01/25/A/New Jersey/09
GTGGGGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2008/12/24/A/Stockholm/6
GTGGGGACTTTTGCTCCAA   2007/09/11/A/Brisbane/334
GTGGRGACTCTTGCTCCAA   2008/01/28/A/New York/01
TTAGGGATC----------   2008/02/27/A/Germany/AF1974

[gsgs]

looks as if flu (Tamiflu-resistant H1N1) _did_ oversummer last year in USA.

A/Memphis/03/2008/01/15
A/North Carolina/02/2008/02/05

are the only available viruses from before Oct.2008
which are similar enough to this season's H1N1 in USA.


it may also have gone from USA to the tropes or Southern Hemisphere
(but not isolated+uploaded there)
and then returned in November to USA

[HenryN]

Originally Posted by gsgs

looks as if flu (Tamiflu-resistant H1N1) _did_ oversummer last year in USA.

A/Memphis/03/2008/01/15
A/North Carolina/02/2008/02/05

are the only available viruses from before Oct.2008
which are similar enough to this season's H1N1 in USA.


it may also have gone from USA to the tropes or Southern Hemisphere
(but not isolated+uploaded there)
and then returned in November to USA

Last season there were sequences in the US, England, and Romania (and all had A193T, as do all published sequence from this season) that were precusors to the sequences that fixed H274Y throughout the northern hemisphere this season, which is detailed in the text and figures (phylogenetic trees) at

http://precedings.nature.com/documents/2832/version/1

[ironorehopper]

Influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir - 2008/2009 influenza season (Updated at 1/22/2009)

Influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir - 2008/2009 influenza season

22 January 2009

[Original PDF Document at LINK. EDITED.]

Influenza activity remained low during the weeks 45–48 (2 - 29 November 2008) and began to increase in several countries during the weeks 49-50. During the weeks 51-52, influenza activity increased particularly in some European countries with reports of widespread activity in Portugal and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, regional activity in the Netherlands
and Spain, and local activity in Italy.

The majority of viruses identified this season in Europe have been influenza A (H3N2). Low levels of activity were reported for the United States of America and Canada with the predominant types detected being influenza A (H1N1) and B respectively.

Sporadic influenza activity was observed in Belgium (A), Cameroon (A, B), Canada (A,B), China (H1,H3,B), China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (H1,H3,B), Finland (A,B), Germany (H1,H3, B), Greece (A) , Iran (H3), Israel (A,B), Japan (H1,H3, B), Latvia (A) , Luxembourg (A), Morocco (H1,B), Netherlands (H3), Norway (H1,H3,B), Russian Federation (H1,H3,B), Slovenia (H1,H3), Switzerland (H3), Tunisia (H1,B) and the United States of America (H1,H3,B).

WHO has received several reports from National Influenza Centres (NIC) regarding influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir for the 2008/2009 influenza season (weeks 45-52; Table 1). High prevalence of oseltamivir resistance in A(H1N1) viruses was detected in WHO Region for the Americas (19 of 19 in Canada, 97 of 100 in the United States of America, 4 of 5 in Mexico), in European Region (8 of 8 in Germany, 9 of 9 in Norway, 5 of 5 in Spain, 36 of 37 in the United Kingdom) and in Western Pacific Region (132 of 133 in the Republic of Korea, 34 of 35 in Japan).

Global data about this phenomenon is collected by WHO from multiple laboratories participating in the Global Influenza Surveillance Network. Data from European countries participating in EISS were provided by the EISS and VILGIL project.

Oseltamivir resistance results were based on phenotypic and/or genotypic analyses.

A table of influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir for of the second and third quarter 2008 can be found in Table 2.

From TABLES

From TABLES

From TABLES

-
------

[HenryN]

Originally Posted by gsgs

looks as if flu (Tamiflu-resistant H1N1) _did_ oversummer last year in USA.

A/Memphis/03/2008/01/15
A/North Carolina/02/2008/02/05

are the only available viruses from before Oct.2008
which are similar enough to this season's H1N1 in USA.


it may also have gone from USA to the tropes or Southern Hemisphere
(but not isolated+uploaded there)
and then returned in November to USA

Clade 2B sequences with A193T

gb|FJ687033.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/21/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687031.1| Influenza A virus (A/Wisconsin/16/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687030.1| Influenza A virus (A/South Carolina/06/2008(H1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687028.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/23/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687025.1| Influenza A virus (A/Illinois/15/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687024.1| Influenza A virus (A/Delaware/01/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687022.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/08/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687019.1| Influenza A virus (A/Michigan/06/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687017.1| Influenza A virus (A/Massachusetts/08/2008(H1N... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687015.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/38/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687013.1| Influenza A virus (A/Florida/21/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687011.1| Influenza A virus (A/South Carolina/06/2008(H1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687009.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/08/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687006.1| Influenza A virus (A/Minnesota/27/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687004.1| Influenza A virus (A/Massachusetts/09/2008(H1N... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687003.1| Influenza A virus (A/Illinois/17/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ687001.1| Influenza A virus (A/Alaska/05/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686999.1| Influenza A virus (A/North Dakota/01/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686997.1| Influenza A virus (A/Michigan/05/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686995.1| Influenza A virus (A/Illinois/16/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686993.1| Influenza A virus (A/Florida/24/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686987.1| Influenza A virus (A/Florida/18/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686985.1| Influenza A virus (A/Arizona/13/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686983.1| Influenza A virus (A/Washington/08/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686979.1| Influenza A virus (A/Tennessee/11/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686977.1| Influenza A virus (A/Massachusetts/08/2008(H1N... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686973.1| Influenza A virus (A/Maryland/04/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686971.1| Influenza A virus (A/Idaho/23/2008(H1N1)) segm... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686969.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/20/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686968.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/20/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686965.1| Influenza A virus (A/Florida/19/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686958.1| Influenza A virus (A/Nebraska/07/2008(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686954.1| Influenza A virus (A/Wisconsin/17/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686951.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/46/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ686949.1| Influenza A virus (A/Arizona/13/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662926.1| Influenza A virus (A/Mbagathi/7596/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662925.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7577/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662924.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7576/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662923.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7570/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662921.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7562/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662920.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7559/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662918.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7547/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ662916.1| Influenza A virus (A/Kisii/7541/2008(H1N1)) se... 32.2 11
gb|FJ654323.1| Influenza A virus (A/Bucuresti/229/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549068.1| Influenza A virus (A/Wisconsin/12/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549062.1| Influenza A virus (A/Texas/16/2008(H1N1)) segm... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549058.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/19/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549051.1| Influenza A virus (A/Texas/15/2008(H1N1)) segm... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549049.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/08/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549047.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/08/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549045.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/21/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549041.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/09/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ549040.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/09/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|FJ532073.1| Influenza A virus (A/Washington/05/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|FJ445089.1| Influenza A virus (A/England/557/2007(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|CY034590.1| Influenza A virus (A/Texas/AF1960/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|CY034537.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/AF1894/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU914916.1| Influenza A virus (A/Johannesburg/46/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|EU914915.1| Influenza A virus (A/Johannesburg/35/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|EU914914.1| Influenza A virus (A/Johannesburg/34/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|EU914911.1| Influenza A virus (A/Johannesburg/25/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|EU914909.1| Influenza A virus (A/Johannesburg/10/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|EU887034.1| Influenza A virus (A/South Carolina/01/2008(H1... 32.2 11
gb|EU887030.1| Influenza A virus (A/Wisconsin/01/2008(H1N1)) ... 32.2 11
gb|EU851981.1| Influenza A virus (A/Hawaii/02/2008(H1N1)) seg... 32.2 11
gb|EU779626.1| Influenza A virus (A/North Carolina/02/2008(H1... 32.2 11
gb|EU779618.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/10/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU779616.1| Influenza A virus (A/Memphis/03/2008(H1N1)) he... 32.2 11
gb|EU716598.1| Influenza A virus (A/Washington/01/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU716548.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/08/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|CY031484.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/AF1291/2008(H1... 32.2 11
gb|EU624319.1| Influenza A virus (A/England/557/2007(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|EU567013.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/05/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU566982.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/20/2007(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU566979.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/06/2008(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU566976.1| Influenza A virus (A/Pennsylvania/02/2008(H1N1... 32.2 11
gb|EU566970.1| Influenza A virus (A/Maryland/04/2007(H1N1)) s... 32.2 11
gb|EU516258.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/16/2007(H1N1))... 32.2 11
gb|EU516083.1| Influenza A virus (A/New Jersey/15/2007(H1N1))... 32.2 11

[gsgs]

[HenryN]

Originally Posted by gsgs

I think you missed the fixing of H274Y.

[gsgs]

origin of the Brisbane strain:

http://magictour.free.fr/panflu/brisb1.GIF

examining HA+NA from 147 viruses.
It would be useful to have more full genomes here, mutations
in HA and NA are often non-synonymous which could
make the picture less clearer (wider spread)

the vertical entries are random, just to demonstrate the density.
Most common ancestors are in early 2007

[HenryN]

Originally Posted by gsgs

origin of the Brisbane strain:

http://magictour.free.fr/panflu/brisb1.GIF

examining HA+NA from 147 viruses.
It would be useful to have more full genomes here, mutations
in HA and NA are often non-synonymous which could
make the picture less clearer (wider spread)

the vertical entries are random, just to demonstrate the density.
Most common ancestors are in early 2007

The key event for the fixing of H274Y in the Brisbane strain (clade 2B) was the acquisition of HA A193T from the Hong Kong strain (clade 2C).
Recombination remains the name of the game.

[ironorehopper]

[From Italian Ministry of Health weekly update. LINK. IOH.]

(...)
Figure1. Phylogenetic tree for HA1 portion of hemagglutinin of H1N1 viruses isolated during 2008/2009 season in Italy, with particular attention to Parma's isolates.

With respect to trivalent influenza vaccine reference strain, it is noteworthy the homology between Italian H1N1 isolates and the vaccine strain A/Brisbane/59/07(H1N1).

However, Italian A/(H1N1) isolates show several amino-acid changes in HA (A189T, G185A, S141N), respect to vaccine strain.

From TABLES

From TABLES

Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of HA1 domain of HA, recent Italian A/(H1N1) virus isolates. (Elaborated by ISS through Kimura 2 method for the genetic distance calculation and Neighbor-Joining algorithm for phylogenetic tree building.)

(...)
-
-----

[gsgs]

same for Tamiflu resistant viruses (H274Y=H275Y) only:

http://magictour.free.fr/panflu/brisb3.GIF

suggesting the common ancestor in 2nd half of 2007
while the Brisbane strain started wide spreading in the 1st half.

A/California/05/2007/01/29 was an early member of the Brisbane strain,
maybe it should be called California strain

[HenryN]

Originally Posted by ironorehopper

[From Italian Ministry of Health weekly update. LINK. IOH.]

(...)
Figure1. Phylogenetic tree for HA1 portion of hemagglutinin of H1N1 viruses isolated during 2008/2009 season in Italy, with particular attention to Parma's isolates.

With respect to trivalent influenza vaccine reference strain, it is noteworthy the homology between Italian H1N1 isolates and the vaccine strain A/Brisbane/59/07(H1N1).

However, Italian A/(H1N1) isolates show several amino-acid changes in HA (A189T, G185A, S141N), respect to vaccine strain.





Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of HA1 domain of HA, recent Italian A/(H1N1) virus isolates. (Elaborated by ISS through Kimura 2 method for the genetic distance calculation and Neighbor-Joining algorithm for phylogenetic tree building.)

(...)
-
-----

The changes are S145N, G189A, and A193T using H3 numbering. These correspond to WA8 and WI17 in the US. HI19 and the recently released sequence from the Philippines has G189A and A193T, which are also widespread in Asia, including Japan.

[HenryN]

Commentary at

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/02...Vaccine_X.html

[AlaskaDenise]

Originally Posted by niman

Commentary at

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/02...Vaccine_X.html

Commentary

Emergence of Vaccine and Tamiflu Resistant H1N1
Recombinomics Commentary 23:15
February 18, 2009


Italian A/(H1N1) isolates show several amino-acid changes in HA (A189T, G185A, S141N), respect to vaccine strain.

The above comments from Italy's weekly influenza report , indicate that the vaccine and Tamiflu resistant H1N1 isolates (A/Parma/23/2009, A/Parma/24/2009, A/Parma/25/2009, A/Parma/26/2009) match recently released US sequences, A/Wisconsin17/2008 and A/Washington/8/2008. The HA sequence for both isolates have the same three changes (A193T, G189A, S145N using H3 numbering). Moreover, the two changes flanking the receptor binding domain, G189A and A193T are in A/Hawaii/19/2008, and A/Mbagathi/7586/2008, as well as the recently released A/Philippines/1159/2008. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the NA sequences predict these changes will also be in Japan isolates, Miyagi/35/08, Yamaguchi/26/08, Yamaguchi/27/08, Yamaguchi/28/08. Both Japan and South Korea have had explosions of H1N1 Tamiflu resistant cases, suggesting that the vaccine resistant H1N1 is widespread.

The A193T is in all public H1N1 Tamiflu resistant sequences in the United States and is now also in all public isolates in Spain, and the vast majority if not all isolates in Japan. Although A193T was also linked to the fixing of Adamantane resistance in H1N1 clade 2C as well as Tamiflu resistance in H1N1 clade 2B, it is not in the current vaccine for the northern hemisphere in 2008/2009, and is not vaccine for the southern hemisphere in 2009, nor the northern hemisphere in 2009/2010.
The absence of these important changes in seasonal flu vaccine targets remain a cause for concern.

In Italy, three of the first five H1N1 isolates were from patients who had taken this season's vaccine, suggesting the H1N1 was not only Tamiflu resistant, but also vaccine resistant. Similarly, a report from Taiwan cited vaccine resistance levels at 70% for H1N1, and Japan also reported lower titers for H1N1 isolates when compared to the Bisbane/59 isolate used to represent H1N1 in the current vaccine.

Similarly, both South Korea and Japan reported explosions of cases linked to H1N1 and recently released sequences in the United States have the same three acquisitions reported in Spain. Moreover, recent weekly reports from the CDC do not show a reduction in the levels of H1N1. The vast majority of influenza in the US is influenza A, and the vast majority of influenza A is H1N1, with Tamifu resistance levels approaching 100% (the few sensitive isolates appear to be clade 2C).
Thus, the current approach of using vaccines to chase viral evolution continues to be a cause for concern. The fixing of H274Y in H1N1 seasonal flu raises serious concerns about the potential use of Tamiflu in an H5N1 bird flu pandemic.

.

[HenryN]

H1N1 phylogenetic tree with 2009 isolates from Tokyo (I think it is same to assume that red isolates have H274Y

http://idsc.tokyo-eiken.go.jp/flu/20...9keitouAH1.pdf

[ironorehopper]

ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE DETECTED IN INFLUENZA VIRUSES FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES DURING THE SEASON 2008/2009 [ECDC, 2/18/2009]

[Original texts at European Centre of Diseases Prevention and Control website page. LINK. EDITED.]

From TABLES

[HenryN]

H274Y in Japan at 99.5% (420/422 H1N1 tested)

http://idsc.nih.go.jp/iasr/graph/tamiful1.gif

[ironorehopper]

Daiichi Sankyo to launch flu preventive drug-Nikkei | Reuters

Daiichi Sankyo to launch flu preventive drug-Nikkei

Sun Feb 22, 2009 10:51am IST
TOKYO, Feb 22 (Reuters) -

Japan's Daiichi Sankyo Co plans to launch as early as 2011 a new influenza preventive drug that could be effective against a strain unresponsive to widely used Tamiflu of Roche, the Nikkei business daily said.


Japan's third-largest drugmaker plans to seek regulatory approval for the drug by March 2011, the Nikkei said on Sunday.

It said animal testing has suggested the new drug under development is effective against a strain that has tolerance against Tamiflu, made by Swiss pharmaceutical company Roche.

A Daiichi Sankyo spokesman told Reuters the company is developing a new influenza treatment drug and it may seek regulatory approval in Japan by the end of calendar 2009, but declined to comment on Nikkei's report of the preventive drug.

(Reporting by Kiyoshi Takenaka; Editing by Anshuman Daga)
-

Daiichi Sankyo to launch flu preventive drug-Nikkei | Reuters

[gsgs]

CS-8958 , "Super Relenza"

http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/showthread.php?t=92115

[ironorehopper]

ECDC. Antiviral resistance detected in influenza viruses from EU member countries during 2008/2009 season (as per Feb. 25, 2009)

[Original table is available at this LINK. EDITED.]

[HenryN]

Killer flu H1N1 resistant to Tamiflu and flu jab vital

By Sue Dunlevy
The Daily Telegraph
March 05, 2009 12:00am

Killer influenza strain resistant to drugs ... The only protection is a vaccination which Praveen Haider received from nurse Clare MacDuwell yesterday. Picture: Gary Ramage.

ONE of the killer influenza strains heading to Australia this winter is almost totally resistant to the only anti-viral tablet that can treat it - Tamiflu.
This means having a vaccination may be the only way for many to beat the flu this year.
Just 10 years after the breakthrough flu drug hit the market the virus has fought back.
A study in this week's Journal of the American Medical Association found 98.5 per cent of the H1N1 influenza virus circulating in the US is now resistant to the antiviral drug Tamiflu.
The H1N1 form of influenza accounted for one in five flu infections in the United States between September 2008 and February 2009.
And four patients with this drug resistant flu died in the United States another two patients with the drug resistant flu died in the Netherlands.
Australia's expert Influenza Vaccine Committee has asked that the H1N1 strain be included in the 2009 flu vaccination available to people here.
The drug company which manufactures Tamiflu, Roche, says there is no evidence that the Tamiflu resistant virus results in more severe illness or that it is more easily transmitted.
Related Coverage
And it says the drug is still fully active against other types of influenza.
In the last 30 years influenza H3N2 has been the main strain circulating in Australia, the company says.
The World Health Organisation estimates around 500,000 people die every year from flu related health complications.
Before the 2007-08 season the level of resistance to Tamiflu among circulating flu viruses in the United States was less than 1 per cent.
By March last year 16 per cent of H1N1 influenza viruses tested had become resistant to Tamiflu, now 98.5 per cent of this strain of the flu is resistant.
The H1N1 virus is still susceptible to the flu medication Relenza but this inhaled product is not suitable for children, those with asthma or breathing problems or those with milk allergies.
The doctors who carried out the American study say it is unclear how H1N1 viruses had changed and become able to circulate between humans so successfully.
The mutation of this virus is of great concern because it has implications for a possible outbreak of the even more deadly birdflu some strains of which are also showing resistance to tamiflu.
The Australian Government has millions of doses of taxpayer funded Tamiflu stockpiled to use in the fight against a birdflu outbreak.
Tamiflu, taken in pill form, is the most commonly used flu treatment drug.
It has to be taken within 48 hours of the first onset of flu symptoms and studies show it speeds recovery from the flu by 30 per cent or 1.3 days.
It is suitable for adults and children aged over a year and requires a doctors prescription but is not subsidised by our drug subsidy scheme.
It won't work to fight off colds or other viruses.
Relenza is the only other flu medication available.
It too has to be taken within 48 hours of symptoms appearing and has to be inhaled so it can be delivered direct to the lungs.More than 500 Australians a week are having flu vaccinations in time for the onset of winter.
"We were early for vaccines this year, because last year's northern hemisphere vaccine was the same as the southern hemisphere - so we got a bit of a flying start," said Dr Tony Gherardin, from the Travel Doctor Group, specialising in vaccinations.
Dr Gherardin said vaccines were diverted from overseas to Australia to provide an early start to protecting against the flu season.
"There's increasing recognition that flu vaccines are safe, therefore increasing recommendation for a much wider group of people to be vaccinated including young children," he said.
Vaccines cost $25.50 each with people aged over nine needing a single shot while children aged between six months to nine needing two shots
"It's best that you crank up the immunity across the community before winter hits," Dr Gherardin said.
Parents are encouraged to vaccinate their children however doctors say people who are allergic to eggs should avoid the vaccine.
The numbers of vaccinations is expected to rise across Australia from next month.


http://www.news.com.au/entertainment...007185,00.html

[ironorehopper]

ECDC. Monitoring of Influenza antiviral resistance in EU during 2008-09 season (3/4/2009)

[Original page at this LINK. EDITED.]

[ironorehopper]

ECDC. Monitoring of Influenza antiviral resistance in EU during 2008-09 season (March 11, 2009)

Monitoring of Influenza antiviral resistance in EU during 2008-09 season

[Original text is available at this LINK. EDITED.]

Monitoring of antiviral resistance in EU for the season 2008-09 is currently ongoing. The coordinators of The Community Network of Reference Laboratories for Human Influenza in Europe (CNRL), routinely collect, analyze and disseminate information on antiviral resistance from Influenza viruses isolated from 25 European (European Union, EEA/EFTA) countries.

The analysis of resistance against Neuraminidase Inhibitors and Adamantanes is done by measuring IC50 values and/or by genotyping of viruses for detection of known drug resistance mutations.

Summary information on antiviral resistance in EU will be published weekly in the EISS bulletin (LINK) (also featured in the weekly ECDC influenza News)

From TABLES

[ironorehopper]

From EISS weekly bulletin (March 13, 2009. Post #412 Seasonal Influenza thread, http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/sho...&postcount=412)

- Russian Federation. As a result of 21 strains of influenza A(H3) virus testing it was shown that all isolates from St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad were drift variants of the reference virus A/Brisbane/10/07 and reacted with antiserum to these strains up to 1/4 - 1/16 of homologous titer. All 19 isolates of influenza B virus belonged to the Victoria lineage. Four of ten influenza A(H1) viruses and 22 of 28 influenza A(H3) viruses isolated in Russia appeared to be resistant to rimantadine.
-
-----

[HenryN]

CDC Update

http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/...9-4416B1-1.pdf

[HenryN]

New comments

http://precedings.nature.com/documents/2832/version/1