tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 2012 Jul 20. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00411.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for influenza-associated mortality: evidence from an elderly cohort.
Wong CM, Yang L, Chan KP, Chan WM, Song L, Lai HK, Thach TQ, Ho LM, Chan KH, Lam TH, Peiris JS.
Source
School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Department of Health, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China. HKU Pasteur Research Center, Hong Kong, China.
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Wong et al. (2012) Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for influenza-associated mortality: evidence from an elderly cohort. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00411.x. Background The effects of individual lifestyle factors on the mortality risk after influenza infection have not been explored. Objectives In this study, we assessed the modifying effects of cigarette smoking on mortality risks associated with influenza in a cohort of Hong Kong elders with a follow-up period of 1998-2009. Methods We used the Cox proportional hazards model with time-dependent covariates of weekly proportions of specimens positive for influenza (termed as influenza virus activity), to calculate the hazard ratio of mortality associated with a 10% increase in influenza virus activity for never, ex- and current smokers. Other individual lifestyle and socioeconomic factors as well as seasonal confounders were also added into the models. Results The overall hazard ratio associated with influenza was 1?028 (95% confidence interval, 1?006, 1?051) for all natural cause mortality and 1?035 (1?003, 1?068) for cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. We found that influenza-associated hazard ratio was greater in current and ex-smokers than in never smokers for mortality of all natural causes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Conclusions The findings suggest that smoking might increase influenza-associated mortality risks among elders.
? 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
PMID:
22813463
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22813463
Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for influenza-associated mortality: evidence from an elderly cohort.
Wong CM, Yang L, Chan KP, Chan WM, Song L, Lai HK, Thach TQ, Ho LM, Chan KH, Lam TH, Peiris JS.
Source
School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Department of Health, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China. HKU Pasteur Research Center, Hong Kong, China.
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Wong et al. (2012) Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for influenza-associated mortality: evidence from an elderly cohort. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00411.x. Background The effects of individual lifestyle factors on the mortality risk after influenza infection have not been explored. Objectives In this study, we assessed the modifying effects of cigarette smoking on mortality risks associated with influenza in a cohort of Hong Kong elders with a follow-up period of 1998-2009. Methods We used the Cox proportional hazards model with time-dependent covariates of weekly proportions of specimens positive for influenza (termed as influenza virus activity), to calculate the hazard ratio of mortality associated with a 10% increase in influenza virus activity for never, ex- and current smokers. Other individual lifestyle and socioeconomic factors as well as seasonal confounders were also added into the models. Results The overall hazard ratio associated with influenza was 1?028 (95% confidence interval, 1?006, 1?051) for all natural cause mortality and 1?035 (1?003, 1?068) for cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. We found that influenza-associated hazard ratio was greater in current and ex-smokers than in never smokers for mortality of all natural causes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Conclusions The findings suggest that smoking might increase influenza-associated mortality risks among elders.
? 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
PMID:
22813463
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22813463