tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Vaccine. 2018 Oct 5. pii: S0264-410X(18)31300-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.040. [Epub ahead of print]
[h=1]Epidemiologic and economic impact of pharmacies as vaccination locations during an influenza epidemic.[/h] Bartsch SM[SUP]1[/SUP], Taitel MS[SUP]2[/SUP], DePasse JV[SUP]3[/SUP], Cox SN[SUP]1[/SUP], Smith-Ray RL[SUP]2[/SUP], Wedlock P[SUP]1[/SUP], Singh TG[SUP]2[/SUP], Carr S[SUP]4[/SUP], Siegmund SS[SUP]1[/SUP], Lee BY[SUP]5[/SUP].
[h=3]Author information[/h]
[h=3]Abstract[/h] [h=4]INTRODUCTION:[/h] During an influenza epidemic, where early vaccination is crucial, pharmacies may be a resource to increase vaccine distribution reach and capacity.
[h=4]METHODS:[/h] We utilized an agent-based model of the US and a clinical and economics outcomes model to simulate the impact of different influenza epidemics and the impact of utilizing pharmacies in addition to traditional (hospitals, clinic/physician offices, and urgent care centers) locations for vaccination for the year 2017.
[h=4]RESULTS:[/h] For an epidemic with a reproductive rate (R0) of 1.30, adding pharmacies with typical business hours averted 11.9 million symptomatic influenza cases, 23,577 to 94,307 deaths, $1.0 billion in direct (vaccine administration and healthcare) costs, $4.2-44.4 billion in productivity losses, and $5.2-45.3 billion in overall costs (varying with mortality rate). Increasing the epidemic severity (R0 of 1.63), averted 16.0 million symptomatic influenza cases, 35,407 to 141,625 deaths, $1.9 billion in direct costs, $6.0-65.5 billion in productivity losses, and $7.8-67.3 billion in overall costs (varying with mortality rate). Extending pharmacy hours averted up to 16.5 million symptomatic influenza cases, 145,278 deaths, $1.9 billion direct costs, $4.1 billion in productivity loss, and $69.5 billion in overall costs. Adding pharmacies resulted in a cost-benefit of $4.1 to $11.5 billion, varying epidemic severity, mortality rate, pharmacy hours, location vaccination rate, and delay in the availability of the vaccine.
[h=4]CONCLUSIONS:[/h] Administering vaccines through pharmacies in addition to traditional locations in the event of an epidemic can increase vaccination coverage, mitigating up to 23.7 million symptomatic influenza cases, providing cost-savings up to $2.8 billion to third-party payers and $99.8 billion to society. Pharmacies should be considered as points of dispensing epidemic vaccines in addition to traditional settings as soon as vaccines become available.
Copyright ? 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
[h=4]KEYWORDS:[/h] Economic; Epidemic; Influenza; Pharmacies; Vaccination
PMID: 30340884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.040
[h=1]Epidemiologic and economic impact of pharmacies as vaccination locations during an influenza epidemic.[/h] Bartsch SM[SUP]1[/SUP], Taitel MS[SUP]2[/SUP], DePasse JV[SUP]3[/SUP], Cox SN[SUP]1[/SUP], Smith-Ray RL[SUP]2[/SUP], Wedlock P[SUP]1[/SUP], Singh TG[SUP]2[/SUP], Carr S[SUP]4[/SUP], Siegmund SS[SUP]1[/SUP], Lee BY[SUP]5[/SUP].
[h=3]Author information[/h]
[h=3]Abstract[/h] [h=4]INTRODUCTION:[/h] During an influenza epidemic, where early vaccination is crucial, pharmacies may be a resource to increase vaccine distribution reach and capacity.
[h=4]METHODS:[/h] We utilized an agent-based model of the US and a clinical and economics outcomes model to simulate the impact of different influenza epidemics and the impact of utilizing pharmacies in addition to traditional (hospitals, clinic/physician offices, and urgent care centers) locations for vaccination for the year 2017.
[h=4]RESULTS:[/h] For an epidemic with a reproductive rate (R0) of 1.30, adding pharmacies with typical business hours averted 11.9 million symptomatic influenza cases, 23,577 to 94,307 deaths, $1.0 billion in direct (vaccine administration and healthcare) costs, $4.2-44.4 billion in productivity losses, and $5.2-45.3 billion in overall costs (varying with mortality rate). Increasing the epidemic severity (R0 of 1.63), averted 16.0 million symptomatic influenza cases, 35,407 to 141,625 deaths, $1.9 billion in direct costs, $6.0-65.5 billion in productivity losses, and $7.8-67.3 billion in overall costs (varying with mortality rate). Extending pharmacy hours averted up to 16.5 million symptomatic influenza cases, 145,278 deaths, $1.9 billion direct costs, $4.1 billion in productivity loss, and $69.5 billion in overall costs. Adding pharmacies resulted in a cost-benefit of $4.1 to $11.5 billion, varying epidemic severity, mortality rate, pharmacy hours, location vaccination rate, and delay in the availability of the vaccine.
[h=4]CONCLUSIONS:[/h] Administering vaccines through pharmacies in addition to traditional locations in the event of an epidemic can increase vaccination coverage, mitigating up to 23.7 million symptomatic influenza cases, providing cost-savings up to $2.8 billion to third-party payers and $99.8 billion to society. Pharmacies should be considered as points of dispensing epidemic vaccines in addition to traditional settings as soon as vaccines become available.
Copyright ? 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
[h=4]KEYWORDS:[/h] Economic; Epidemic; Influenza; Pharmacies; Vaccination
PMID: 30340884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.040