tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Influenza Other Respir Viruses
. 2024 Dec;18(12):e70034.
doi: 10.1111/irv.70034. Home-Based Testing as an Approach to Estimate Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in South Africa, 2021-2022-A Pilot Study
Jocelyn Moyes[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Mvuyo Makhazi[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Sibongile Walaza[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Phiwokuhle Ntombela[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Fahima Moosa[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Anne von Gottberg[SUP] 1 3 [/SUP], Nicole Wolter[SUP] 1 3 [/SUP], Mignon du Plessis[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Gillian Hunt[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Cherie Cawood[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Erica Dueger[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Cheryl Cohen[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Background: Surveillance programmes for influenza and other respiratory pathogens are important to generate vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates and to inform vaccine composition. We aimed to explore the feasibility and acceptability of home-based testing.
Methods: In three out of nine provinces in South Africa, we established a self-referral system for individuals aged ≥ 18 years with respiratory symptoms of ≤ 10 days duration. Following consent, swab collection material was delivered to participants who also completed a questionnaire including self-reported vaccination status. Swabs were tested by PCR for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and SARS-CoV-2. A test-negative methodology was used to estimate influenza VE.
Results: Of 1456 samples collected between 19 November 2021 and 3 September 2022, 73 (5%) tested positive for influenza, 38 (3%) tested positive for RSV and 394 (27%) for SARS-CoV-2. We subtyped 55% (40/73) of the influenza positive specimens; 16/40 (40%) were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09; 10/40 (25%)A(H3N2)) and all 14/40(35%) influenza B were B/Victoria. Only 20% (279/1451) of participants reported influenza-like illness case definition symptoms of fever and cough. Influenza vaccine coverage was 11% (157/1454). The overall influenza VE was 26% (95% confidence interval: -73%, 69%). Of the completed acceptability questionnaires, 123/127 (97%) participants would make use of the service again; 90% (1306) were recruited via the COVID-19 testing centre (call in, social media, webpage), and 7% (99/1306) through CoughWatchSA.
Conclusions: Home-based swabbing was feasible and acceptable. We were able to calculate an influenza VE, although a larger sample size and verification of vaccine status may improve the VE estimates in the future.
Keywords: home‐based self swabbing; influenza; influenza vaccine effectiveness.
. 2024 Dec;18(12):e70034.
doi: 10.1111/irv.70034. Home-Based Testing as an Approach to Estimate Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in South Africa, 2021-2022-A Pilot Study
Jocelyn Moyes[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Mvuyo Makhazi[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Sibongile Walaza[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Phiwokuhle Ntombela[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Fahima Moosa[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Anne von Gottberg[SUP] 1 3 [/SUP], Nicole Wolter[SUP] 1 3 [/SUP], Mignon du Plessis[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Gillian Hunt[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Cherie Cawood[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Erica Dueger[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Cheryl Cohen[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 39648401
- PMCID: PMC11625678
- DOI: 10.1111/irv.70034
Background: Surveillance programmes for influenza and other respiratory pathogens are important to generate vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates and to inform vaccine composition. We aimed to explore the feasibility and acceptability of home-based testing.
Methods: In three out of nine provinces in South Africa, we established a self-referral system for individuals aged ≥ 18 years with respiratory symptoms of ≤ 10 days duration. Following consent, swab collection material was delivered to participants who also completed a questionnaire including self-reported vaccination status. Swabs were tested by PCR for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and SARS-CoV-2. A test-negative methodology was used to estimate influenza VE.
Results: Of 1456 samples collected between 19 November 2021 and 3 September 2022, 73 (5%) tested positive for influenza, 38 (3%) tested positive for RSV and 394 (27%) for SARS-CoV-2. We subtyped 55% (40/73) of the influenza positive specimens; 16/40 (40%) were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09; 10/40 (25%)A(H3N2)) and all 14/40(35%) influenza B were B/Victoria. Only 20% (279/1451) of participants reported influenza-like illness case definition symptoms of fever and cough. Influenza vaccine coverage was 11% (157/1454). The overall influenza VE was 26% (95% confidence interval: -73%, 69%). Of the completed acceptability questionnaires, 123/127 (97%) participants would make use of the service again; 90% (1306) were recruited via the COVID-19 testing centre (call in, social media, webpage), and 7% (99/1306) through CoughWatchSA.
Conclusions: Home-based swabbing was feasible and acceptable. We were able to calculate an influenza VE, although a larger sample size and verification of vaccine status may improve the VE estimates in the future.
Keywords: home‐based self swabbing; influenza; influenza vaccine effectiveness.