tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Am J Public Health
. 2026 Sep 3:e1-e7.
doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2026.308656. Online ahead of print.
Diane Meyer 1 , Andrea Uhlig 1 , Diné Butler 1 , Stefanie Friedhoff 1 , Jennifer B Nuzzo 1
Affiliations
Objectives. To describe challenges and lessons learned during state and local health department responses to the 2024‒2025 highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) outbreaks. Methods. We conducted semistructured interviews from August to November 2025 with Department of Health and Agriculture staff from states with confirmed or probable A(H5N1) human cases. We conducted 15 total interviews with 37 participants from 10 US states. Interview transcripts were inductively and deductively coded to identify generalizable lessons that might improve future outbreak response efforts. Results. Key themes included difficulty accessing farms and reaching at-risk populations; lack of sufficient guidelines for proactively responding to zoonotic outbreaks that could have human health implications; the importance of maintaining preparedness planning, capacity, and infrastructure; and uncertainty around future capacity to respond to outbreaks because of resource constraints and changes in federal leadership. Conclusions. Although this study focused on responses to A(H5N1) outbreaks, the findings are indicative of the nation's overall readiness for biological threats. Prioritization of capacity building for infectious disease outbreaks, including robust health department funding to support continued disease surveillance, is critical to prevent more widespread transmission. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print September 3, 2026:e1-e7. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2026.308656).
. 2026 Sep 3:e1-e7.
doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2026.308656. Online ahead of print.
Lessons Learned During the 2024‒2025 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Outbreak Response in the United States: The Experience of State and Local Public Health Departments
Diane Meyer 1 , Andrea Uhlig 1 , Diné Butler 1 , Stefanie Friedhoff 1 , Jennifer B Nuzzo 1
Affiliations
- PMID: 42691445
- DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2026.308656
Abstract
Objectives. To describe challenges and lessons learned during state and local health department responses to the 2024‒2025 highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) outbreaks. Methods. We conducted semistructured interviews from August to November 2025 with Department of Health and Agriculture staff from states with confirmed or probable A(H5N1) human cases. We conducted 15 total interviews with 37 participants from 10 US states. Interview transcripts were inductively and deductively coded to identify generalizable lessons that might improve future outbreak response efforts. Results. Key themes included difficulty accessing farms and reaching at-risk populations; lack of sufficient guidelines for proactively responding to zoonotic outbreaks that could have human health implications; the importance of maintaining preparedness planning, capacity, and infrastructure; and uncertainty around future capacity to respond to outbreaks because of resource constraints and changes in federal leadership. Conclusions. Although this study focused on responses to A(H5N1) outbreaks, the findings are indicative of the nation's overall readiness for biological threats. Prioritization of capacity building for infectious disease outbreaks, including robust health department funding to support continued disease surveillance, is critical to prevent more widespread transmission. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print September 3, 2026:e1-e7. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2026.308656).