tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Avian Pathol
. 2025 Mar 5:1-14.
doi: 10.1080/03079457.2025.2467122. Online ahead of print. Impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) on Black-headed Gulls Chroicocephalus ridibundus population in Poland in 2023
Piotr Indykiewicz[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Marcin Przymencki[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Piotr Minias[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Dariusz Jakubas[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Klaudia Litwiniak[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Piotr Zieliński[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Tomasz Janiszewski[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Radosław Włodarczyk[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Mateusz Ledwoń[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Jacek Nowakowski[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Beata Dulisz[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Edyta Świętoń[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Krzysztof Śmietanka[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Dariusz Bukaciński[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Monika Bukacińska[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Arkadiusz Buczyński[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Szymon Beuch[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Tomasz Chodkiewicz[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Jacek Betleja[SUP] 12 [/SUP], Szymon Bzoma[SUP] 13 [/SUP], Dominik Marchowski[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Arkadiusz Sikora[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Łukasz Bednarz[SUP] 14 [/SUP], Jacek Antczak[SUP] 15 [/SUP], Andrzej Dylik[SUP] 16 [/SUP], Zbigniew Kajzer[SUP] 17 [/SUP], Wiesław Król[SUP] 18 [/SUP], Łukasz Krajewski[SUP] 19 [/SUP], Sebastian Menderski[SUP] 20 [/SUP], Jan Rapczyński[SUP] 21 [/SUP], Sławomir Rubacha[SUP] 22 [/SUP], Rafał Szczerbik[SUP] 23 [/SUP], Jakub Szymczak[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Kazimierz Walasz[SUP] 24 [/SUP], Przemysław Wylegała[SUP] 25 [/SUP]
Affiliations
The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) A(H5N1) has caused the most extensive and severe epizootic event affecting both poultry and wild birds globally. This study investigated the impact of HPAIV on the breeding population of the Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus, the most abundant gull species in Poland. During the 2023 outbreak, this species was reported as the most frequently infected in the country. A higher-than-natural adult mortality rate (greater than 1.5% of the breeding individuals) was observed in 114 surveyed colonies across all regions of Poland. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of HPAIV in all 17 colonies sampled, with average adult mortality estimated at 26.1%, and ranging from 1.7% to 77.8%. The estimated mortality rate across all surveyed colonies was 22.2%. Extrapolations across the entire Polish breeding population (at least 115,000 pairs according to the national census) indicated that approximately 51,000 adult Black-headed Gulls might have perished due to HPAIV in 2023. The number of adults found dead was positively correlated with colony size (r = 0.733, P < 0.001). The deaths were associated with a single HPAIV genotype (BB) across all confirmed cases. Understanding the spread and severity of HPAIV in colonially breeding waterbirds, such as gulls, is essential for assessing the full extent of the threats this virus poses to wild bird populations.
Keywords: Charadriiformes; H5N1 subtype; Influenza A virus; breeding; disease outbreaks; influenza in birds; virus; wild birds.
. 2025 Mar 5:1-14.
doi: 10.1080/03079457.2025.2467122. Online ahead of print. Impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) on Black-headed Gulls Chroicocephalus ridibundus population in Poland in 2023
Piotr Indykiewicz[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Marcin Przymencki[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Piotr Minias[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Dariusz Jakubas[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Klaudia Litwiniak[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Piotr Zieliński[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Tomasz Janiszewski[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Radosław Włodarczyk[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Mateusz Ledwoń[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Jacek Nowakowski[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Beata Dulisz[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Edyta Świętoń[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Krzysztof Śmietanka[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Dariusz Bukaciński[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Monika Bukacińska[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Arkadiusz Buczyński[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Szymon Beuch[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Tomasz Chodkiewicz[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Jacek Betleja[SUP] 12 [/SUP], Szymon Bzoma[SUP] 13 [/SUP], Dominik Marchowski[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Arkadiusz Sikora[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Łukasz Bednarz[SUP] 14 [/SUP], Jacek Antczak[SUP] 15 [/SUP], Andrzej Dylik[SUP] 16 [/SUP], Zbigniew Kajzer[SUP] 17 [/SUP], Wiesław Król[SUP] 18 [/SUP], Łukasz Krajewski[SUP] 19 [/SUP], Sebastian Menderski[SUP] 20 [/SUP], Jan Rapczyński[SUP] 21 [/SUP], Sławomir Rubacha[SUP] 22 [/SUP], Rafał Szczerbik[SUP] 23 [/SUP], Jakub Szymczak[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Kazimierz Walasz[SUP] 24 [/SUP], Przemysław Wylegała[SUP] 25 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 40042154
- DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2025.2467122
The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) A(H5N1) has caused the most extensive and severe epizootic event affecting both poultry and wild birds globally. This study investigated the impact of HPAIV on the breeding population of the Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus, the most abundant gull species in Poland. During the 2023 outbreak, this species was reported as the most frequently infected in the country. A higher-than-natural adult mortality rate (greater than 1.5% of the breeding individuals) was observed in 114 surveyed colonies across all regions of Poland. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of HPAIV in all 17 colonies sampled, with average adult mortality estimated at 26.1%, and ranging from 1.7% to 77.8%. The estimated mortality rate across all surveyed colonies was 22.2%. Extrapolations across the entire Polish breeding population (at least 115,000 pairs according to the national census) indicated that approximately 51,000 adult Black-headed Gulls might have perished due to HPAIV in 2023. The number of adults found dead was positively correlated with colony size (r = 0.733, P < 0.001). The deaths were associated with a single HPAIV genotype (BB) across all confirmed cases. Understanding the spread and severity of HPAIV in colonially breeding waterbirds, such as gulls, is essential for assessing the full extent of the threats this virus poses to wild bird populations.
Keywords: Charadriiformes; H5N1 subtype; Influenza A virus; breeding; disease outbreaks; influenza in birds; virus; wild birds.