tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Clin Immunol
. 2025 Jan 20:110429.
doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2025.110429. Online ahead of print. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 as a recall response susceptible to immune imprinting: A prospective cohort study
Daniel Alvarez-Sierra[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Mónica Martínez-Gallo[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Adrián Sánchez-Montalvá[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Marco Fernández-Sanmartín[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Roger Colobran[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Juan Espinosa-Pereiro[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Elísabet Poyatos-Canton[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Coral Zurera-Egea[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Alex Sánchez-Pla[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Concepción Violan[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Rafael Parra[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Hammad Alzayat[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Ana Vivancos[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Francisco Morandeira-Rego[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Blanca Urban-Vargas[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Eva Martínez-Cáceres[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Manuel Hernández-González[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Jordi Bas-Minguet[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Peter D Katsikis[SUP] 12 [/SUP], Aina Teniente-Serra[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Ricardo Pujol-Borrell[SUP] 13 [/SUP]
Affiliations
The antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 does not follow the immunoglobulin isotype pattern of primary responses, conflicting with the current interpretation of COVID-19.
Methods: Prospective cohort study of 191 SARS-CoV-2 infection cases and 44 controls from the second wave of COVID-19. The study stratified patients by severity and analyzed the trajectories of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and multiple immune variables.
Results: Isotype-specific antibody time course profiles to SARS-CoV-2 revealed a pattern of recall response in 94.2 % of cases. The time course profiles of plasmablasts, B cells, cTfh high-resolution subsets, and cytokines indicated a secondary response. The transcriptomic data showed that this cohort is strictly comparable to contemporary cohorts.
Conclusions: In most cases, the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is a recall response. This constitutes a favorable scenario for most COVID-19 cases to be subjected to immune imprinting by endemic coronavirus, which, in turn, can influence the immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords: Antibody-dependent-enhancement; COVID-19; Immune imprinting; Original antigenic sin; Plasmablast; SARS-CoV-2; Spectral flow cytometry; cTfh.
. 2025 Jan 20:110429.
doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2025.110429. Online ahead of print. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 as a recall response susceptible to immune imprinting: A prospective cohort study
Daniel Alvarez-Sierra[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Mónica Martínez-Gallo[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Adrián Sánchez-Montalvá[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Marco Fernández-Sanmartín[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Roger Colobran[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Juan Espinosa-Pereiro[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Elísabet Poyatos-Canton[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Coral Zurera-Egea[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Alex Sánchez-Pla[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Concepción Violan[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Rafael Parra[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Hammad Alzayat[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Ana Vivancos[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Francisco Morandeira-Rego[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Blanca Urban-Vargas[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Eva Martínez-Cáceres[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Manuel Hernández-González[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Jordi Bas-Minguet[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Peter D Katsikis[SUP] 12 [/SUP], Aina Teniente-Serra[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Ricardo Pujol-Borrell[SUP] 13 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 39842683
- DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2025.110429
The antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 does not follow the immunoglobulin isotype pattern of primary responses, conflicting with the current interpretation of COVID-19.
Methods: Prospective cohort study of 191 SARS-CoV-2 infection cases and 44 controls from the second wave of COVID-19. The study stratified patients by severity and analyzed the trajectories of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and multiple immune variables.
Results: Isotype-specific antibody time course profiles to SARS-CoV-2 revealed a pattern of recall response in 94.2 % of cases. The time course profiles of plasmablasts, B cells, cTfh high-resolution subsets, and cytokines indicated a secondary response. The transcriptomic data showed that this cohort is strictly comparable to contemporary cohorts.
Conclusions: In most cases, the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is a recall response. This constitutes a favorable scenario for most COVID-19 cases to be subjected to immune imprinting by endemic coronavirus, which, in turn, can influence the immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords: Antibody-dependent-enhancement; COVID-19; Immune imprinting; Original antigenic sin; Plasmablast; SARS-CoV-2; Spectral flow cytometry; cTfh.