tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Cureus
. 2023 Apr 12;15(4):e37472.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.37472. eCollection 2023 Apr. Comparative Study Between the First and Second Wave of COVID-19 Deaths in India: A Single Center Study
Prakash Tendulkar[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Pragya Pandey[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Prasan K Panda[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ajeet S Bhadoria[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Poorvi Kulshreshtha[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Mayank Mishra[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Gaurika Saxena[SUP] 4 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Introduction The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is continuously evolving, and many mutant variants of the virus are circulating in the world. Recurrent waves of COVID-19 have caused enormous mortality all across the globe. Considering the novelty of the virus, it becomes crucial for healthcare experts and policymakers to understand the demographic and clinical attributes of inpatient deaths in the first and second waves of COVID-19. Methods This hospital record-based comparative study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand, India. The study included all COVID-19 RT PCR-positive patients admitted to the hospital during the first wave, from 1[SUP]st[/SUP] April 2020 to 31[SUP]st[/SUP] January 2021, and the second wave from 1[SUP]st[/SUP] March 2021 to 30[SUP]th[/SUP] June 2021. Comparisons were made with respect to demographic, clinical, laboratory parameters, and course of hospital stay. Results The study exhibited 11.34% more casualties in the second wave, with the number of deaths being 424 and 475 for the first and second waves, respectively. A male preponderance of mortality was evident in both waves with significant differences (p=0.004). There was no significant difference in age between the two waves (p=0.809). The significantly different comorbidities were hypertension (p=0.003) and coronary artery disease (p=0.014). The clinical manifestations demonstrating a significant difference were cough (p=0.000), sore throat (p=0.002), altered mental status (p=0.002), headache (p=0.025), loss of taste and smell (p=0.001), and tachypnea (p=0.000). The lab parameters with a significant difference across both waves were lymphopenia (p=0.000), elevated aspartate aminotransferase (p=0.004), leukocytosis (p=0.008), and thrombocytopenia (p=0.004). During the hospital course of the second wave, in terms of intensive care unit stay, the need for non-invasive ventilation and inotrope support was higher. The complications manifesting in the form of acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis were observed more in the second wave. A significant difference was discerned in the median duration of hospital stay in both waves (p=0.000). Conclusion Despite being of shorter duration, the second wave of COVID-19 culminated in more deaths. The study demonstrated that most of the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics attributed to mortality were more common during the second wave of COVID-19, including lab parameters, complications, and duration of hospital stays. The unpredictable nature of COVID-19 waves calls for instituting a well-planned surveillance mechanism in place to identify the surge in cases at the earliest possible time and prompt response, along with developing infrastructure and capacity to manage complications.
Keywords: comorbidities; coronavirus disease 2019; mortality; pandemic waves; risk factors.
. 2023 Apr 12;15(4):e37472.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.37472. eCollection 2023 Apr. Comparative Study Between the First and Second Wave of COVID-19 Deaths in India: A Single Center Study
Prakash Tendulkar[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Pragya Pandey[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Prasan K Panda[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ajeet S Bhadoria[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Poorvi Kulshreshtha[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Mayank Mishra[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Gaurika Saxena[SUP] 4 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 37187656
- PMCID: PMC10176533
- DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37472
Introduction The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is continuously evolving, and many mutant variants of the virus are circulating in the world. Recurrent waves of COVID-19 have caused enormous mortality all across the globe. Considering the novelty of the virus, it becomes crucial for healthcare experts and policymakers to understand the demographic and clinical attributes of inpatient deaths in the first and second waves of COVID-19. Methods This hospital record-based comparative study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand, India. The study included all COVID-19 RT PCR-positive patients admitted to the hospital during the first wave, from 1[SUP]st[/SUP] April 2020 to 31[SUP]st[/SUP] January 2021, and the second wave from 1[SUP]st[/SUP] March 2021 to 30[SUP]th[/SUP] June 2021. Comparisons were made with respect to demographic, clinical, laboratory parameters, and course of hospital stay. Results The study exhibited 11.34% more casualties in the second wave, with the number of deaths being 424 and 475 for the first and second waves, respectively. A male preponderance of mortality was evident in both waves with significant differences (p=0.004). There was no significant difference in age between the two waves (p=0.809). The significantly different comorbidities were hypertension (p=0.003) and coronary artery disease (p=0.014). The clinical manifestations demonstrating a significant difference were cough (p=0.000), sore throat (p=0.002), altered mental status (p=0.002), headache (p=0.025), loss of taste and smell (p=0.001), and tachypnea (p=0.000). The lab parameters with a significant difference across both waves were lymphopenia (p=0.000), elevated aspartate aminotransferase (p=0.004), leukocytosis (p=0.008), and thrombocytopenia (p=0.004). During the hospital course of the second wave, in terms of intensive care unit stay, the need for non-invasive ventilation and inotrope support was higher. The complications manifesting in the form of acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis were observed more in the second wave. A significant difference was discerned in the median duration of hospital stay in both waves (p=0.000). Conclusion Despite being of shorter duration, the second wave of COVID-19 culminated in more deaths. The study demonstrated that most of the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics attributed to mortality were more common during the second wave of COVID-19, including lab parameters, complications, and duration of hospital stays. The unpredictable nature of COVID-19 waves calls for instituting a well-planned surveillance mechanism in place to identify the surge in cases at the earliest possible time and prompt response, along with developing infrastructure and capacity to manage complications.
Keywords: comorbidities; coronavirus disease 2019; mortality; pandemic waves; risk factors.