tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Emerg Infect Dis
. 2025 Aug;31(8):1573-1579.
doi: 10.3201/eid3108.250451.
Estimated COVID-19 Periodicity and Correlation with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Antigenic Diversity, United States
Erica Billig Rose, Clinton R Paden, Peter W Cook, Kevin C Ma, Amber Winn, Juan Castro, Lakshmi Panagiotakopoulos, Benjamin J Silk
Emergence of antigenically diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants may be correlated with temporal circulation patterns. We analyzed positive SARS-CoV-2 tests in the United States reported to a national, laboratory-based surveillance network and unique amino acid sequences of the S1 region of the spike protein reported to national genomic surveillance during October 2020-September 2024. We estimated SARS-CoV-2 dominant periodicities using a discrete Fourier transform, described S1 variation using the Simpson diversity index (SDI), and estimated Spearman cross-correlation coefficients between percentage change in SDI and percentage positivity. SARS-CoV-2 activity consistently peaked during July-September and December-February, and dominant periodicities were at weeks 52.2 and 26.1. Percentage positivity and percentage change in SDI were negatively correlated (ρ = -0.30; p<0.001). SARS-CoV-2 peaks occurred in late summer and winter, a pattern likely related to rapid SARS-CoV-2 evolution and cyclical diversity. Monitoring associations between percentage positivity and SDI can help forecast expected surges and optimize prevention and preparedness.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS; SARS-CoV-2; United States; antigenic variation; coronavirus; coronavirus disease; respiratory infections; seasons; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; spike protein; viruses; zoonoses.
. 2025 Aug;31(8):1573-1579.
doi: 10.3201/eid3108.250451.
Estimated COVID-19 Periodicity and Correlation with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Antigenic Diversity, United States
Erica Billig Rose, Clinton R Paden, Peter W Cook, Kevin C Ma, Amber Winn, Juan Castro, Lakshmi Panagiotakopoulos, Benjamin J Silk
- PMID: 40705028
- DOI: 10.3201/eid3108.250451
Emergence of antigenically diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants may be correlated with temporal circulation patterns. We analyzed positive SARS-CoV-2 tests in the United States reported to a national, laboratory-based surveillance network and unique amino acid sequences of the S1 region of the spike protein reported to national genomic surveillance during October 2020-September 2024. We estimated SARS-CoV-2 dominant periodicities using a discrete Fourier transform, described S1 variation using the Simpson diversity index (SDI), and estimated Spearman cross-correlation coefficients between percentage change in SDI and percentage positivity. SARS-CoV-2 activity consistently peaked during July-September and December-February, and dominant periodicities were at weeks 52.2 and 26.1. Percentage positivity and percentage change in SDI were negatively correlated (ρ = -0.30; p<0.001). SARS-CoV-2 peaks occurred in late summer and winter, a pattern likely related to rapid SARS-CoV-2 evolution and cyclical diversity. Monitoring associations between percentage positivity and SDI can help forecast expected surges and optimize prevention and preparedness.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS; SARS-CoV-2; United States; antigenic variation; coronavirus; coronavirus disease; respiratory infections; seasons; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; spike protein; viruses; zoonoses.