tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Environ Res
. 2021 Sep 22;112092.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112092. Online ahead of print.
Periodically aperiodic pattern of SARS-CoV-2 mutations underpins the uncertainty of its origin and evolution
Sk Sarif Hassan[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Pallab Basu[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Elrashdy M Redwan[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Kenneth Lundstrom[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Pabitra Pal Choudhury[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Angel Serrano-Aroca[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Gajendra Kumar Azad[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Alaa A A Aljabali[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Giorgio Palu[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Debmalya Barh[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Bruce D Uhal[SUP] 12 [/SUP], Parise Adadi[SUP] 13 [/SUP], Kazuo Takayama[SUP] 14 [/SUP], Nicolas G Bazan[SUP] 15 [/SUP], Murtaza Tambuwala[SUP] 16 [/SUP], Amos Lal[SUP] 17 [/SUP], Gaurav Chauhan[SUP] 18 [/SUP], Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz[SUP] 19 [/SUP], Samendra P Sherchan[SUP] 20 [/SUP], Vladimir N Uversky[SUP] 21 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Various lineages of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have contributed to prolongation of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several non-synonymous mutations in SARS-CoV-2 proteins have generated multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. In our previous report, we have shown an evenly uneven distribution of unique protein variants of SARS-CoV-2 is geo-location or demography-specific. However, the correlation between the demographic transmutability of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and mutations in various proteins remains unknown due to hidden symmetry/asymmetry in the occurrence of mutations. This study tracked how these mutations are emerging in SARS-CoV-2 proteins in six model countries and globally. In a geo-location, considering the mutations having a frequency of detection of at least five hundred in each SARS-CoV-2 protein; we studied the country-wise percentage of invariant residues. Our data revealed that since October 2020, highly frequent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 have been observed mostly in the Open Reading Frames (ORF) 7b and ORF8, worldwide. No such highly frequent mutations in any of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins were found in the UK, India, and Brazil, which does not correlate with the degree of transmissibility of the virus in India and Brazil. However, we have found a signature that SARS-CoV-2 proteins were evolving at a higher rate, and considering global data, mutations are detected in the majority of the available amino acid locations. Fractal analysis of each protein's normalized factor time series showed a periodically aperiodic emergence of dominant variants for SARS-CoV-2 protein mutations across different countries. It was noticed that certain high-frequency variants have emerged in the last couple of months, and thus the emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains are expected to contain prevalent mutations in ORF3a, membrane, and ORF8 proteins. In contrast to other beta-coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 variants have rapidly emerged based on demographically dependent mutations. Characterization of the periodically aperiodic nature of the demographic spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants in various countries can contribute to the identification of the origin of SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords: Aperiodically periodic; Invariant residues; Mutations; Relative frequency; SARS-CoV-2
. 2021 Sep 22;112092.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112092. Online ahead of print.
Periodically aperiodic pattern of SARS-CoV-2 mutations underpins the uncertainty of its origin and evolution
Sk Sarif Hassan[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Pallab Basu[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Elrashdy M Redwan[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Kenneth Lundstrom[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Pabitra Pal Choudhury[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Angel Serrano-Aroca[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Gajendra Kumar Azad[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Alaa A A Aljabali[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Giorgio Palu[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Debmalya Barh[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Bruce D Uhal[SUP] 12 [/SUP], Parise Adadi[SUP] 13 [/SUP], Kazuo Takayama[SUP] 14 [/SUP], Nicolas G Bazan[SUP] 15 [/SUP], Murtaza Tambuwala[SUP] 16 [/SUP], Amos Lal[SUP] 17 [/SUP], Gaurav Chauhan[SUP] 18 [/SUP], Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz[SUP] 19 [/SUP], Samendra P Sherchan[SUP] 20 [/SUP], Vladimir N Uversky[SUP] 21 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 34562480
- DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112092
Abstract
Various lineages of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have contributed to prolongation of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several non-synonymous mutations in SARS-CoV-2 proteins have generated multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. In our previous report, we have shown an evenly uneven distribution of unique protein variants of SARS-CoV-2 is geo-location or demography-specific. However, the correlation between the demographic transmutability of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and mutations in various proteins remains unknown due to hidden symmetry/asymmetry in the occurrence of mutations. This study tracked how these mutations are emerging in SARS-CoV-2 proteins in six model countries and globally. In a geo-location, considering the mutations having a frequency of detection of at least five hundred in each SARS-CoV-2 protein; we studied the country-wise percentage of invariant residues. Our data revealed that since October 2020, highly frequent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 have been observed mostly in the Open Reading Frames (ORF) 7b and ORF8, worldwide. No such highly frequent mutations in any of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins were found in the UK, India, and Brazil, which does not correlate with the degree of transmissibility of the virus in India and Brazil. However, we have found a signature that SARS-CoV-2 proteins were evolving at a higher rate, and considering global data, mutations are detected in the majority of the available amino acid locations. Fractal analysis of each protein's normalized factor time series showed a periodically aperiodic emergence of dominant variants for SARS-CoV-2 protein mutations across different countries. It was noticed that certain high-frequency variants have emerged in the last couple of months, and thus the emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains are expected to contain prevalent mutations in ORF3a, membrane, and ORF8 proteins. In contrast to other beta-coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 variants have rapidly emerged based on demographically dependent mutations. Characterization of the periodically aperiodic nature of the demographic spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants in various countries can contribute to the identification of the origin of SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords: Aperiodically periodic; Invariant residues; Mutations; Relative frequency; SARS-CoV-2