tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Environ Res
. 2022 Dec 21;219:115100.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115100. Online ahead of print.
Stronger susceptibilities to air pollutants of influenza A than B were identified in subtropical Shenzhen, China
Pan Ma[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ning Zhou[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Xinzi Wang[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Ying Zhang[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Xiaoxin Tang[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Yang Yang[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Xiaolu Ma[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Shigong Wang[SUP] 8 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Air pollution was indicated to be a key factor contributing to the aggressive spread of influenza viruses, whereas uncertainty still exists regarding to whether distinctions exist between influenza subtypes. Our study quantified the impact of five air pollutants on influenza subtype outbreaks in Shenzhen, China, a densely populated and highly urbanized megacity. Daily influenza outbreak data of laboratory-confirmed positive cases were obtained from the Shenzhen CDC, from May 1, 2013 to Dec 31, 2015. Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO[SUB]2[/SUB]), sulfur dioxide (SO[SUB]2[/SUB]), particulate matters ≤2.5 μm (PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB]), particulate matters ≤10 μm (PM[SUB]10[/SUB]), and ozone (O[SUB]3[/SUB]), were retrieved from the 18 national monitoring stations. The generalized additive model (GAM) and distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) were used to calculate the concentration-response relationships between environmental inducers and outbreak epidemics, respectively for influenza A (Flu-A) and B (Flu-B). There were 1687 positive specimens were confirmed during the study period. The cold season was restricted from Nov. 4th to Apr. 20th, covering all seasons other than the long-lasting summer. Relatively heavy fine particle matter (PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB]) and NO[SUB]2[/SUB] pollution was observed in cold months, with mean concentrations of 46.06 μg/m[SUP]3[/SUP] and 40.03 μg/m[SUP]3[/SUP], respectively. Time-series analysis indicated that high concentrations of NO[SUB]2[/SUB], PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB], PM[SUB]10[/SUB], and O[SUB]3[/SUB] were associated with more influenza outbreaks at short lag periods (0-5 d). Although more Flu-B (679 cases) epidemics occurred than Flu-A (382 cases) in the cold season, Flu-A generally showed higher susceptibility to air pollutants. A 10 μg/m[SUP]3[/SUP] increment in concentrations of PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB], PM[SUB]10[/SUB], and O[SUB]3[/SUB] at lag 04, was associated with a 2.103 (95%CI: 1.528-2.893), 1.618 (95%CI: 1.311-1.996), and 1.569 (95%CI: 1.214-2.028) of the relative risk (RR) of Flu-A, respectively. A 5 μg/m[SUP]3[/SUP] increase in NO[SUB]2[/SUB] was associated with higher risk of Flu-A at lag 03 (RR = 1.646, 95%CI: 1.295-2.092) and of Flu-B at lag 04 (RR = 1.319, 95%CI: 1.095-1.588). Nevertheless, barely significant effect of particulate matters (PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB], PM[SUB]10[/SUB]) on Flu-B and SO[SUB]2[/SUB] on both subtypes was detected. Further, the effect estimates of NO[SUB]2[/SUB] increased for both subtypes when coexisting with other pollutants. This study provides evidence that declining concentrations of main pollutants including NO[SUB]2[/SUB], O[SUB]3[/SUB], and particulate matters, could substantially decrease influenza risk in subtropical Shenzhen, especially for influenza A.
Keywords: Confirmed specimen; Influenza subtype; NO(2); Particulate matter; Shenzhen.
. 2022 Dec 21;219:115100.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115100. Online ahead of print.
Stronger susceptibilities to air pollutants of influenza A than B were identified in subtropical Shenzhen, China
Pan Ma[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ning Zhou[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Xinzi Wang[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Ying Zhang[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Xiaoxin Tang[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Yang Yang[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Xiaolu Ma[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Shigong Wang[SUP] 8 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 36565842
- DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115100
Abstract
Air pollution was indicated to be a key factor contributing to the aggressive spread of influenza viruses, whereas uncertainty still exists regarding to whether distinctions exist between influenza subtypes. Our study quantified the impact of five air pollutants on influenza subtype outbreaks in Shenzhen, China, a densely populated and highly urbanized megacity. Daily influenza outbreak data of laboratory-confirmed positive cases were obtained from the Shenzhen CDC, from May 1, 2013 to Dec 31, 2015. Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO[SUB]2[/SUB]), sulfur dioxide (SO[SUB]2[/SUB]), particulate matters ≤2.5 μm (PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB]), particulate matters ≤10 μm (PM[SUB]10[/SUB]), and ozone (O[SUB]3[/SUB]), were retrieved from the 18 national monitoring stations. The generalized additive model (GAM) and distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) were used to calculate the concentration-response relationships between environmental inducers and outbreak epidemics, respectively for influenza A (Flu-A) and B (Flu-B). There were 1687 positive specimens were confirmed during the study period. The cold season was restricted from Nov. 4th to Apr. 20th, covering all seasons other than the long-lasting summer. Relatively heavy fine particle matter (PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB]) and NO[SUB]2[/SUB] pollution was observed in cold months, with mean concentrations of 46.06 μg/m[SUP]3[/SUP] and 40.03 μg/m[SUP]3[/SUP], respectively. Time-series analysis indicated that high concentrations of NO[SUB]2[/SUB], PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB], PM[SUB]10[/SUB], and O[SUB]3[/SUB] were associated with more influenza outbreaks at short lag periods (0-5 d). Although more Flu-B (679 cases) epidemics occurred than Flu-A (382 cases) in the cold season, Flu-A generally showed higher susceptibility to air pollutants. A 10 μg/m[SUP]3[/SUP] increment in concentrations of PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB], PM[SUB]10[/SUB], and O[SUB]3[/SUB] at lag 04, was associated with a 2.103 (95%CI: 1.528-2.893), 1.618 (95%CI: 1.311-1.996), and 1.569 (95%CI: 1.214-2.028) of the relative risk (RR) of Flu-A, respectively. A 5 μg/m[SUP]3[/SUP] increase in NO[SUB]2[/SUB] was associated with higher risk of Flu-A at lag 03 (RR = 1.646, 95%CI: 1.295-2.092) and of Flu-B at lag 04 (RR = 1.319, 95%CI: 1.095-1.588). Nevertheless, barely significant effect of particulate matters (PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB], PM[SUB]10[/SUB]) on Flu-B and SO[SUB]2[/SUB] on both subtypes was detected. Further, the effect estimates of NO[SUB]2[/SUB] increased for both subtypes when coexisting with other pollutants. This study provides evidence that declining concentrations of main pollutants including NO[SUB]2[/SUB], O[SUB]3[/SUB], and particulate matters, could substantially decrease influenza risk in subtropical Shenzhen, especially for influenza A.
Keywords: Confirmed specimen; Influenza subtype; NO(2); Particulate matter; Shenzhen.