tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Exp Ther Med
. 2022 Apr;23(4):258.
doi: 10.3892/etm.2022.11183. Epub 2022 Feb 3.
Mucocutaneous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Review)
Mihaela Paula Toader[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Daniel Constantin Branisteanu[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Mihai Glod[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Irina Mihaela Esanu[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Catalina Ioana Branisteanu[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Maria-Stefana Capsa[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Andreea Dimitriu[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Alin Codrut Nicolescu[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Alin Constantin Pinzariu[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Daciana Elena Branisteanu[SUP] 10 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, declared by the World Health Organisation in March 2020, with the emergence of new, possibly more contagious and more virulent strains, remains a research subject, with the complex systemic involvement better described and understood, but also with a variety of skin and mucosal lesions described in the literature. Mucocutaneous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection are still under investigation, due to their polymorphic clinical aspect and incompletely understood pathogenic mechanism. The cutaneous inflammatory, exanthematous and purpuric rashes, erythemato-purpuric enanthems, oral ulcers, lichenoid oral lesions, conjunctivitis, conjunctival pseudomembranes, or corneal lesions have been described in patients with COVID-19. Several classifications have been proposed based on the clinical pattern, histological findings, and possible pathogenic mechanisms. The pathogenic mechanism, the diagnostic criteria, the prognostic importance of these lesions are still being debated. The diverse clinical aspects of dermatological manifestations render the diagnosis difficult. However, several clinical patterns strongly associated with COVID-19, such as chilblains, papulovesicular exanthems, and febrile rash require increased awareness and changes to the investigation protocols for these conditions, to include testing for SARS-CoV-2. In the present review, the mucocutaneous findings associated with the novel coronavirus infection, reported thus far in the literature, was provided.
Keywords: COVID-19; chilblain; conjunctivitis; cutaneous manifestations; enanthem; exanthema; livedo; mucosal manifestations; purpura; urticarial rash.
. 2022 Apr;23(4):258.
doi: 10.3892/etm.2022.11183. Epub 2022 Feb 3.
Mucocutaneous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Review)
Mihaela Paula Toader[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Daniel Constantin Branisteanu[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Mihai Glod[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Irina Mihaela Esanu[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Catalina Ioana Branisteanu[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Maria-Stefana Capsa[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Andreea Dimitriu[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Alin Codrut Nicolescu[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Alin Constantin Pinzariu[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Daciana Elena Branisteanu[SUP] 10 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 35251324
- PMCID: PMC8892620
- DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11183
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, declared by the World Health Organisation in March 2020, with the emergence of new, possibly more contagious and more virulent strains, remains a research subject, with the complex systemic involvement better described and understood, but also with a variety of skin and mucosal lesions described in the literature. Mucocutaneous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection are still under investigation, due to their polymorphic clinical aspect and incompletely understood pathogenic mechanism. The cutaneous inflammatory, exanthematous and purpuric rashes, erythemato-purpuric enanthems, oral ulcers, lichenoid oral lesions, conjunctivitis, conjunctival pseudomembranes, or corneal lesions have been described in patients with COVID-19. Several classifications have been proposed based on the clinical pattern, histological findings, and possible pathogenic mechanisms. The pathogenic mechanism, the diagnostic criteria, the prognostic importance of these lesions are still being debated. The diverse clinical aspects of dermatological manifestations render the diagnosis difficult. However, several clinical patterns strongly associated with COVID-19, such as chilblains, papulovesicular exanthems, and febrile rash require increased awareness and changes to the investigation protocols for these conditions, to include testing for SARS-CoV-2. In the present review, the mucocutaneous findings associated with the novel coronavirus infection, reported thus far in the literature, was provided.
Keywords: COVID-19; chilblain; conjunctivitis; cutaneous manifestations; enanthem; exanthema; livedo; mucosal manifestations; purpura; urticarial rash.