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Front Immunol . Age-dependent immune landscapes affect influenza vaccine effectiveness and guide precision strategies

tetano

tetano

Editor, Senior Moderator
Front Immunol

. 2026 Aug 24:17:1919049.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1919049. eCollection 2026.

Age-dependent immune landscapes affect influenza vaccine effectiveness and guide precision strategies​


Jing Liu 1 , Zhegang Zhang 1 , Jiayou Zhang 1 , Xuanxuan Nian 1

Affiliations


Abstract​


Influenza vaccine effectiveness exhibits significant heterogeneity across age groups, largely shaped by lifelong immune remodeling. This review adopts a continuous spectrum perspective-spanning immune development, immune maturation, and immunosenescence-to delineate host immune responses to influenza across different life stages. Subsequently, the influence of these age-dependent differences on vaccine effectiveness is discussed. Based on these insights, an age-specific vaccine development strategy is proposed to guide differentiated vaccine optimization approaches for children, adults, and the elderly. This review provides a theoretical basis for transitioning from a "one-dose-fits-all" vaccination model and toward an age-specific precision paradigm.

Keywords: age-dependent immunity; influenza; next-generation vaccines; precision vaccination; vaccine design; vaccine effectiveness.
 
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