tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Front Immunol
. 2023 Feb 9;14:1123724.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123724. eCollection 2023.
Detailed characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cells after infection or heterologous vaccination
Domenico Lo Tartaro[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Annamaria Paolini[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Marco Mattioli[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Julian Swatler[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Anita Neroni[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Rebecca Borella[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Elena Santacroce[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Alessia Di Nella[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Licia Gozzi[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Stefano Busani[SUP] 4 5 [/SUP], Michela Cuccorese[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Tommaso Trenti[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Marianna Meschiari[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Giovanni Guaraldi[SUP] 3 4 [/SUP], Massimo Girardis[SUP] 4 5 [/SUP], Cristina Mussini[SUP] 3 4 [/SUP], Katarzyna Piwocka[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Lara Gibellini[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Andrea Cossarizza[SUP] 1 7 [/SUP], Sara De Biasi[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
The formation of a robust long-term antigen (Ag)-specific memory, both humoral and cell-mediated, is created following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or vaccination. Here, by using polychromatic flow cytometry and complex data analyses, we deeply investigated the magnitude, phenotype, and functionality of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune memory in two groups of healthy subjects after heterologous vaccination compared to a group of subjects who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We find that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovered patients show different long-term immunological profiles compared to those of donors who had been vaccinated with three doses. Vaccinated individuals display a skewed T helper (Th)1 Ag-specific T cell polarization and a higher percentage of Ag-specific and activated memory B cells expressing immunoglobulin (Ig)G compared to those of patients who recovered from severe COVID-19. Different polyfunctional properties characterize the two groups: recovered individuals show higher percentages of CD4[SUP]+[/SUP] T cells producing one or two cytokines simultaneously, while the vaccinated are distinguished by highly polyfunctional populations able to release four molecules, namely, CD107a, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin (IL)-2. These data suggest that functional and phenotypic properties of SARS-CoV-2 adaptive immunity differ in recovered COVID-19 individuals and vaccinated ones.
Keywords: B cells; SARS-CoV-2; T cells; antigen-specific response; cytokine; polyfunctionality.
. 2023 Feb 9;14:1123724.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123724. eCollection 2023.
Detailed characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cells after infection or heterologous vaccination
Domenico Lo Tartaro[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Annamaria Paolini[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Marco Mattioli[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Julian Swatler[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Anita Neroni[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Rebecca Borella[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Elena Santacroce[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Alessia Di Nella[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Licia Gozzi[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Stefano Busani[SUP] 4 5 [/SUP], Michela Cuccorese[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Tommaso Trenti[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Marianna Meschiari[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Giovanni Guaraldi[SUP] 3 4 [/SUP], Massimo Girardis[SUP] 4 5 [/SUP], Cristina Mussini[SUP] 3 4 [/SUP], Katarzyna Piwocka[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Lara Gibellini[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Andrea Cossarizza[SUP] 1 7 [/SUP], Sara De Biasi[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 36845156
- PMCID: PMC9947839
- DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123724
Abstract
The formation of a robust long-term antigen (Ag)-specific memory, both humoral and cell-mediated, is created following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or vaccination. Here, by using polychromatic flow cytometry and complex data analyses, we deeply investigated the magnitude, phenotype, and functionality of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune memory in two groups of healthy subjects after heterologous vaccination compared to a group of subjects who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We find that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovered patients show different long-term immunological profiles compared to those of donors who had been vaccinated with three doses. Vaccinated individuals display a skewed T helper (Th)1 Ag-specific T cell polarization and a higher percentage of Ag-specific and activated memory B cells expressing immunoglobulin (Ig)G compared to those of patients who recovered from severe COVID-19. Different polyfunctional properties characterize the two groups: recovered individuals show higher percentages of CD4[SUP]+[/SUP] T cells producing one or two cytokines simultaneously, while the vaccinated are distinguished by highly polyfunctional populations able to release four molecules, namely, CD107a, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin (IL)-2. These data suggest that functional and phenotypic properties of SARS-CoV-2 adaptive immunity differ in recovered COVID-19 individuals and vaccinated ones.
Keywords: B cells; SARS-CoV-2; T cells; antigen-specific response; cytokine; polyfunctionality.