tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Front Immunol
. 2022 Mar 31;13:870283.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870283. eCollection 2022.
Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Receptors and Ligands as Prognostic Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients
Mohammad A Al-Mterin[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Alhasan Alsalman[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Eyad Elkord[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2. During T-cell activation, the immune system uses different checkpoint pathways to maintain co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory signals. In COVID-19, expression of immune checkpoints (ICs) is one of the most important manifestations, in addition to lymphopenia and inflammatory cytokines, contributing to worse clinical outcomes. There is a controversy whether upregulation of ICs in COVID-19 patients might lead to T-cell exhaustion or activation. This review summarizes the available studies that investigated IC receptors and ligands in COVID-19 patients, as well as their effect on T-cell function. Several IC receptors and ligands, including CTLA-4, BTLA, TIM-3, VISTA, LAG-3, TIGIT, PD-1, CD160, 2B4, NKG2A, Galectin-9, Galectin-3, PD-L1, PD-L2, LSECtin, and CD112, were upregulated in COVID-19 patients. Based on the available studies, there is a possible relationship between disease severity and increased expression of IC receptors and ligands. Overall, the upregulation of some ICs could be used as a prognostic biomarker for disease severity.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; inhibitory immune checkpoints; ligands; prognostic biomarker.
. 2022 Mar 31;13:870283.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870283. eCollection 2022.
Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Receptors and Ligands as Prognostic Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients
Mohammad A Al-Mterin[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Alhasan Alsalman[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Eyad Elkord[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 35432324
- PMCID: PMC9008255
- DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870283
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2. During T-cell activation, the immune system uses different checkpoint pathways to maintain co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory signals. In COVID-19, expression of immune checkpoints (ICs) is one of the most important manifestations, in addition to lymphopenia and inflammatory cytokines, contributing to worse clinical outcomes. There is a controversy whether upregulation of ICs in COVID-19 patients might lead to T-cell exhaustion or activation. This review summarizes the available studies that investigated IC receptors and ligands in COVID-19 patients, as well as their effect on T-cell function. Several IC receptors and ligands, including CTLA-4, BTLA, TIM-3, VISTA, LAG-3, TIGIT, PD-1, CD160, 2B4, NKG2A, Galectin-9, Galectin-3, PD-L1, PD-L2, LSECtin, and CD112, were upregulated in COVID-19 patients. Based on the available studies, there is a possible relationship between disease severity and increased expression of IC receptors and ligands. Overall, the upregulation of some ICs could be used as a prognostic biomarker for disease severity.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; inhibitory immune checkpoints; ligands; prognostic biomarker.