tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Int J Environ Res Public Health
. 2021 Jun 26;18(13):6883.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18136883.
Assessing the Country-Level Excess All-Cause Mortality and the Impacts of Air Pollution and Human Activity during the COVID-19 Epidemic
Yuan Meng[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Man Sing Wong[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Hanfa Xing[SUP] 3 4 [/SUP], Mei-Po Kwan[SUP] 5 6 7 [/SUP], Rui Zhu[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
The impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on cause-specific mortality has been investigated on a global scale. However, less is known about the excess all-cause mortality and air pollution-human activity responses. This study estimated the weekly excess all-cause mortality during COVID-19 and evaluated the impacts of air pollution and human activities on mortality variations during the 10th to 52nd weeks of 2020 among sixteen countries. A SARIMA model was adopted to estimate the mortality benchmark based on short-term mortality during 2015-2019 and calculate excess mortality. A quasi-likelihood Poisson-based GAM model was further applied for air pollution/human activity response evaluation, namely ground-level NO[SUB]2[/SUB] and PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB] and the visit frequencies of parks and workplaces. The findings showed that, compared with COVID-19 mortality (i.e., cause-specific mortality), excess all-cause mortality changed from -26.52% to 373.60% during the 10th to 52nd weeks across the sixteen countries examined, revealing higher excess all-cause mortality than COVID-19 mortality in most countries. For the impact of air pollution and human activities, the average country-level relative risk showed that one unit increase in weekly NO[SUB]2[/SUB], PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB], park visits and workplace visits was associated with approximately 1.54% increase and 0.19%, 0.23%, and 0.23% decrease in excess all-cause mortality, respectively. Moreover, compared with the impact on COVID-19 mortality, the relative risks of weekly NO[SUB]2[/SUB] and PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB] were lower, and the relative risks of weekly park and workplace visits were higher for excess all-cause mortality. These results suggest that the estimation based on excess all-cause mortality reduced the potential impact of air pollution and enhanced the influence of human activities compared with the estimation based on COVID-19 mortality.
Keywords: COVID-19 mortality; NO2; PM2.5; air pollution; excess mortality; human activities.
. 2021 Jun 26;18(13):6883.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18136883.
Assessing the Country-Level Excess All-Cause Mortality and the Impacts of Air Pollution and Human Activity during the COVID-19 Epidemic
Yuan Meng[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Man Sing Wong[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Hanfa Xing[SUP] 3 4 [/SUP], Mei-Po Kwan[SUP] 5 6 7 [/SUP], Rui Zhu[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 34206915
- DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136883
Abstract
The impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on cause-specific mortality has been investigated on a global scale. However, less is known about the excess all-cause mortality and air pollution-human activity responses. This study estimated the weekly excess all-cause mortality during COVID-19 and evaluated the impacts of air pollution and human activities on mortality variations during the 10th to 52nd weeks of 2020 among sixteen countries. A SARIMA model was adopted to estimate the mortality benchmark based on short-term mortality during 2015-2019 and calculate excess mortality. A quasi-likelihood Poisson-based GAM model was further applied for air pollution/human activity response evaluation, namely ground-level NO[SUB]2[/SUB] and PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB] and the visit frequencies of parks and workplaces. The findings showed that, compared with COVID-19 mortality (i.e., cause-specific mortality), excess all-cause mortality changed from -26.52% to 373.60% during the 10th to 52nd weeks across the sixteen countries examined, revealing higher excess all-cause mortality than COVID-19 mortality in most countries. For the impact of air pollution and human activities, the average country-level relative risk showed that one unit increase in weekly NO[SUB]2[/SUB], PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB], park visits and workplace visits was associated with approximately 1.54% increase and 0.19%, 0.23%, and 0.23% decrease in excess all-cause mortality, respectively. Moreover, compared with the impact on COVID-19 mortality, the relative risks of weekly NO[SUB]2[/SUB] and PM[SUB]2.5[/SUB] were lower, and the relative risks of weekly park and workplace visits were higher for excess all-cause mortality. These results suggest that the estimation based on excess all-cause mortality reduced the potential impact of air pollution and enhanced the influence of human activities compared with the estimation based on COVID-19 mortality.
Keywords: COVID-19 mortality; NO2; PM2.5; air pollution; excess mortality; human activities.