tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
J Clin Med
. 2023 Sep 11;12(18):5904.
doi: 10.3390/jcm12185904. Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 in the Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Dominance in Greece: Determinants of Severity and Mortality
Vagia Karageorgou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Andriana I Papaioannou[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Maria Kallieri[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Myrto Blizou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Stefanos Lampadakis[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maria Sfika[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Antonios Krouskos[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Vasileios Papavasileiou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Franceska Strakosha[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Kalliopi Theoni Vandorou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Pavlos Siozos[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Marina Moustaka Christodoulou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Georgia Kontonasiou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Vasiliki Apollonatou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Elvira Markella Antonogiannaki[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Christos Kyriakopoulos[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Christina Aggelopoulou[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Christos Chronis[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Konstantinos Kostikas[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Evangelia Koukaki[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Zoi Sotiropoulou[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Athanasia Athanasopoulou[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Petros Bakakos[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Pinelopi Schoini[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Emmanouil Alevrakis[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Sotirios Poupos[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Evangelia Chondrou[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Dionisios Tsoukalas[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Alexia Chronaiou[SUP] 3 [/SUP], George Tsoukalas[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Sofia Koukidou[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Georgios Hillas[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Katerina Dimakou[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Konstantinos Roukas[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Ifigeneia Nakou[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Diamantis Chloros[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Evangelia Fouka[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Spyros A Papiris[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Stelios Loukides[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a pandemic since 2020, and depending on the SARS-CoV-2 mutation, different pandemic waves have been observed. The aim of this study was to compare the baseline characteristics of patients in two phases of the pandemic and evaluate possible predictors of mortality.
Methods: This is a retrospective multicenter observational study that included patients with COVID-19 in 4 different centers in Greece. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the period during which they were infected during the Delta and Omicron variant predominance.
Results: A total of 979 patients (433 Delta, 546 Omicron) were included in the study (median age 67 years (54, 81); 452 [46.2%] female). Compared to the Omicron period, the patients during the Delta period were younger (median age [IQR] 65 [51, 77] vs. 70 [55, 83] years, p < 0.001) and required a longer duration of hospitalization (8 [6, 13] vs. 7 [5, 12] days, p = 0.001), had higher procalcitonin levels (ng/mL): 0.08 [0.05, 0.17] vs. 0.06 [0.02, 0.16], p = 0.005, ferritin levels (ng/mL): 301 [159, 644] vs. 239 [128, 473], p = 0.002, C- reactive protein levels (mg/L): 40.4 [16.7, 98.5] vs. 31.8 [11.9, 81.7], p = 0.003, and lactate dehydrogenase levels (U/L): 277 [221, 375] vs. 255 [205, 329], p < 0.001. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was lower (3 [0, 5] vs. 4 [1, 6], p < 0.001), and the extent of disease on computed tomography (CT) was greater during the Delta wave (p < 0.001). No evidence of a difference in risk of death or admission to the intensive care unit was found between the two groups. Age, cardiovascular events, acute kidney injury during hospitalization, extent of disease on chest CT, D-dimer, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio values were identified as independent predictors of mortality for patients in the Delta period. Cardiovascular events and acute liver injury during hospitalization and the PaO[SUB]2[/SUB]/FiO[SUB]2[/SUB] ratio on admission were identified as independent predictors of mortality for patients in the Omicron period.
Conclusions: In the Omicron wave, patients were older with a higher number of comorbidities, but patients with the Delta variant had more severe disease and a longer duration of hospitalization.
Keywords: COVID-19; Delta; Omicron; SARS-CoV-2; mortality; variant.
. 2023 Sep 11;12(18):5904.
doi: 10.3390/jcm12185904. Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 in the Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Dominance in Greece: Determinants of Severity and Mortality
Vagia Karageorgou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Andriana I Papaioannou[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Maria Kallieri[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Myrto Blizou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Stefanos Lampadakis[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maria Sfika[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Antonios Krouskos[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Vasileios Papavasileiou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Franceska Strakosha[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Kalliopi Theoni Vandorou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Pavlos Siozos[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Marina Moustaka Christodoulou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Georgia Kontonasiou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Vasiliki Apollonatou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Elvira Markella Antonogiannaki[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Christos Kyriakopoulos[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Christina Aggelopoulou[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Christos Chronis[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Konstantinos Kostikas[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Evangelia Koukaki[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Zoi Sotiropoulou[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Athanasia Athanasopoulou[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Petros Bakakos[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Pinelopi Schoini[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Emmanouil Alevrakis[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Sotirios Poupos[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Evangelia Chondrou[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Dionisios Tsoukalas[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Alexia Chronaiou[SUP] 3 [/SUP], George Tsoukalas[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Sofia Koukidou[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Georgios Hillas[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Katerina Dimakou[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Konstantinos Roukas[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Ifigeneia Nakou[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Diamantis Chloros[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Evangelia Fouka[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Spyros A Papiris[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Stelios Loukides[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 37762846
- DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185904
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a pandemic since 2020, and depending on the SARS-CoV-2 mutation, different pandemic waves have been observed. The aim of this study was to compare the baseline characteristics of patients in two phases of the pandemic and evaluate possible predictors of mortality.
Methods: This is a retrospective multicenter observational study that included patients with COVID-19 in 4 different centers in Greece. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the period during which they were infected during the Delta and Omicron variant predominance.
Results: A total of 979 patients (433 Delta, 546 Omicron) were included in the study (median age 67 years (54, 81); 452 [46.2%] female). Compared to the Omicron period, the patients during the Delta period were younger (median age [IQR] 65 [51, 77] vs. 70 [55, 83] years, p < 0.001) and required a longer duration of hospitalization (8 [6, 13] vs. 7 [5, 12] days, p = 0.001), had higher procalcitonin levels (ng/mL): 0.08 [0.05, 0.17] vs. 0.06 [0.02, 0.16], p = 0.005, ferritin levels (ng/mL): 301 [159, 644] vs. 239 [128, 473], p = 0.002, C- reactive protein levels (mg/L): 40.4 [16.7, 98.5] vs. 31.8 [11.9, 81.7], p = 0.003, and lactate dehydrogenase levels (U/L): 277 [221, 375] vs. 255 [205, 329], p < 0.001. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was lower (3 [0, 5] vs. 4 [1, 6], p < 0.001), and the extent of disease on computed tomography (CT) was greater during the Delta wave (p < 0.001). No evidence of a difference in risk of death or admission to the intensive care unit was found between the two groups. Age, cardiovascular events, acute kidney injury during hospitalization, extent of disease on chest CT, D-dimer, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio values were identified as independent predictors of mortality for patients in the Delta period. Cardiovascular events and acute liver injury during hospitalization and the PaO[SUB]2[/SUB]/FiO[SUB]2[/SUB] ratio on admission were identified as independent predictors of mortality for patients in the Omicron period.
Conclusions: In the Omicron wave, patients were older with a higher number of comorbidities, but patients with the Delta variant had more severe disease and a longer duration of hospitalization.
Keywords: COVID-19; Delta; Omicron; SARS-CoV-2; mortality; variant.