tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
J R Soc Med
. 2023 May 10;1410768231168377.
doi: 10.1177/01410768231168377. Online ahead of print. Socioeconomic inequalities of Long COVID: a retrospective population-based cohort study in the United Kingdom
Sharmin Shabnam[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Cameron Razieh[SUP] 1 2 3 4 [/SUP], Hajira Dambha-Miller[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Tom Yates[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Clare Gillies[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Yogini V Chudasama[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Manish Pareek[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Amitava Banerjee[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Ichiro Kawachi[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Ben Lacey[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Eva Ja Morris[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Martin White[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Francesco Zaccardi[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Kamlesh Khunti[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Nazrul Islam[SUP] 5 9 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Objectives: To estimate the risk of Long COVID by socioeconomic deprivation and to further examine the inequality by sex and occupation.
Design: We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using data from the ONS COVID-19 Infection Survey between 26 April 2020 and 31 January 2022. This is the largest nationally representative survey of COVID-19 in the UK with longitudinal data on occupation, COVID-19 exposure and Long COVID.
Setting: Community-based survey in the UK.
Participants: A total of 201,799 participants aged 16 to 64 years and with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
Main outcome measures: The risk of Long COVID at least 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection by index of multiple deprivation (IMD) and the modifying effects of socioeconomic deprivation by sex and occupation.
Results: Nearly 10% (n = 19,315) of participants reported having Long COVID. Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for a range of variables (demographic, co-morbidity and time), showed that participants in the most deprived decile had a higher risk of Long COVID (11.4% vs. 8.2%; adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34, 1.59) compared to the least deprived decile. Significantly higher inequalities (most vs. least deprived decile) in Long COVID existed in healthcare and patient-facing roles (aOR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.44), in the education sector (aOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.31, 2.16) and in women (aOR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.40, 1.73) than men (aOR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.51).
Conclusions: This study provides insights into the heterogeneous degree of inequality in Long COVID by deprivation, sex and occupation. These findings will help inform public health policies and interventions in incorporating a social justice and health inequality lens.
Keywords: Long COVID; index of multiple deprivation; occupation; sex; socioeconomic inequality.
. 2023 May 10;1410768231168377.
doi: 10.1177/01410768231168377. Online ahead of print. Socioeconomic inequalities of Long COVID: a retrospective population-based cohort study in the United Kingdom
Sharmin Shabnam[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Cameron Razieh[SUP] 1 2 3 4 [/SUP], Hajira Dambha-Miller[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Tom Yates[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Clare Gillies[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Yogini V Chudasama[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Manish Pareek[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Amitava Banerjee[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Ichiro Kawachi[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Ben Lacey[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Eva Ja Morris[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Martin White[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Francesco Zaccardi[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Kamlesh Khunti[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Nazrul Islam[SUP] 5 9 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 37164035
- DOI: 10.1177/01410768231168377
Objectives: To estimate the risk of Long COVID by socioeconomic deprivation and to further examine the inequality by sex and occupation.
Design: We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using data from the ONS COVID-19 Infection Survey between 26 April 2020 and 31 January 2022. This is the largest nationally representative survey of COVID-19 in the UK with longitudinal data on occupation, COVID-19 exposure and Long COVID.
Setting: Community-based survey in the UK.
Participants: A total of 201,799 participants aged 16 to 64 years and with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
Main outcome measures: The risk of Long COVID at least 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection by index of multiple deprivation (IMD) and the modifying effects of socioeconomic deprivation by sex and occupation.
Results: Nearly 10% (n = 19,315) of participants reported having Long COVID. Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for a range of variables (demographic, co-morbidity and time), showed that participants in the most deprived decile had a higher risk of Long COVID (11.4% vs. 8.2%; adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34, 1.59) compared to the least deprived decile. Significantly higher inequalities (most vs. least deprived decile) in Long COVID existed in healthcare and patient-facing roles (aOR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.44), in the education sector (aOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.31, 2.16) and in women (aOR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.40, 1.73) than men (aOR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.51).
Conclusions: This study provides insights into the heterogeneous degree of inequality in Long COVID by deprivation, sex and occupation. These findings will help inform public health policies and interventions in incorporating a social justice and health inequality lens.
Keywords: Long COVID; index of multiple deprivation; occupation; sex; socioeconomic inequality.