tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Mol Immunol
. 2021 Aug 6;138:121-127.
doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.001. Online ahead of print.
Reduction and exhausted features of T lymphocytes under serological changes, and prognostic factors in COVID-19 progression
Ata Mahmoodpoor[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maryam Hosseini[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Sarvin Sanaie[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Leili Aghebati-Maleki[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Seyed Hadi Saghaleini[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Zohreh Ostadi[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Mahsa Hajivalili[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Zhinous Bayatmakoo[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Mostafa Haji-Fatahaliha[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Zohreh Babaloo[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Sima Shahmohammadi Farid[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Javad Ahmadian Heris[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Leila Roshangar[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Reza Rikhtegar[SUP] 12 [/SUP], Hossein Samadi Kafil[SUP] 13 [/SUP], Mehdi Yousefi[SUP] 14 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Aims: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel viral infection threatening worldwide health as currently there exists no effective treatment strategy and vaccination programs are not publicly available yet. T lymphocytes play an important role in antiviral defenses. However, T cell frequency and functionality may be affected during the disease.
Material and methods: Total blood samples were collected from patients with mild and severe COVID-19, and the total lymphocyte number, as well as CD4+ and CD8 + T cells were assessed using flowcytometry. Besides, the expression of exhausted T cell markers was evaluated. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines were also investigated in the serum of all patients using enzyme-linked immunesorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, the obtained results were analyzed along with laboratory serological reports.
Results: COVID-19 patients showed lymphopenia and reduced CD4+ and CD8 + T cells, as well as high percentage of PD-1 expression by T cells, especially in severe cases. Serum secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) were remarkably increased in patients with severe symptoms, as compared with healthy controls. Moreover, high levels of triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were correlated with the severity of the disease.
Conclusion: Reduced number and function of T cells were observed in COVID-19 patients, especially in severe patients. Meanwhile, the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines was increased as the disease developed. High level of serum IL-2R was also considered as a sign of lymphopenia. Additionally, hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia could be important prognostic factors in determining the severity of the infection.
Keywords: COVID-19; Cytokine; Exhaustion; Inflammation; T cells.
. 2021 Aug 6;138:121-127.
doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.001. Online ahead of print.
Reduction and exhausted features of T lymphocytes under serological changes, and prognostic factors in COVID-19 progression
Ata Mahmoodpoor[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maryam Hosseini[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Sarvin Sanaie[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Leili Aghebati-Maleki[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Seyed Hadi Saghaleini[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Zohreh Ostadi[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Mahsa Hajivalili[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Zhinous Bayatmakoo[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Mostafa Haji-Fatahaliha[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Zohreh Babaloo[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Sima Shahmohammadi Farid[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Javad Ahmadian Heris[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Leila Roshangar[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Reza Rikhtegar[SUP] 12 [/SUP], Hossein Samadi Kafil[SUP] 13 [/SUP], Mehdi Yousefi[SUP] 14 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 34392110
- DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.001
Abstract
Aims: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel viral infection threatening worldwide health as currently there exists no effective treatment strategy and vaccination programs are not publicly available yet. T lymphocytes play an important role in antiviral defenses. However, T cell frequency and functionality may be affected during the disease.
Material and methods: Total blood samples were collected from patients with mild and severe COVID-19, and the total lymphocyte number, as well as CD4+ and CD8 + T cells were assessed using flowcytometry. Besides, the expression of exhausted T cell markers was evaluated. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines were also investigated in the serum of all patients using enzyme-linked immunesorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, the obtained results were analyzed along with laboratory serological reports.
Results: COVID-19 patients showed lymphopenia and reduced CD4+ and CD8 + T cells, as well as high percentage of PD-1 expression by T cells, especially in severe cases. Serum secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) were remarkably increased in patients with severe symptoms, as compared with healthy controls. Moreover, high levels of triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were correlated with the severity of the disease.
Conclusion: Reduced number and function of T cells were observed in COVID-19 patients, especially in severe patients. Meanwhile, the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines was increased as the disease developed. High level of serum IL-2R was also considered as a sign of lymphopenia. Additionally, hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia could be important prognostic factors in determining the severity of the infection.
Keywords: COVID-19; Cytokine; Exhaustion; Inflammation; T cells.