tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Neurol Neurochir Pol
. 2023 Feb 22.
doi: 10.5603/PJNNS.a2023.0014. Online ahead of print.
Blood-brain barrier function in response to SARS-CoV-2 and its spike protein
Łukasz Suprewicz[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Krzysztof Fiedoruk[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Agata Czarnowska[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Marcin Sadowski[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Agnieszka Strzelecka[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Peter A Galie[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Paul A Janmey[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Alina Kułakowska[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Robert Bucki[SUP] 7 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
The typical manifestation of coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) infection is a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) accompanied by pneumonia (COVID-19). However, SARS-CoV-2 can also affect t he b rain, c ausing c hronic n eurological s ymptoms, variously known as long, post, post-acute, or persistent COVID-19 condition, and affecting up to 40% of patients. The symptoms (fatigue, dizziness, headache, sleep disorders, malaise, disturbances of memory and mood) usually are mild and resolve spontaneously. However, some patients develop acute and fatal complications, including stroke or encephalopathy. Damage to the brain vessels mediated by the coronavirus spike protein (S-protein) and overactive immune responses have been identified as leading causes of this condition. However, the molecular mechanism by which the virus affects the brain still needs to be fully delineated. In this review article, we focus on interactions between host molecules and S-protein as the mechanism allowing the transit of SARS-CoV-2 through the blood-brain barrier to reach the brain structures. In addition, we discuss the impact of S-protein mutations and the involvement of other cellular factors conditioning the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we review current and future COVID-19 treatment options.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; blood-brain barrier; cytokine storm; encephalopathy; neuroinflammation; spike protein; stroke.
. 2023 Feb 22.
doi: 10.5603/PJNNS.a2023.0014. Online ahead of print.
Blood-brain barrier function in response to SARS-CoV-2 and its spike protein
Łukasz Suprewicz[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Krzysztof Fiedoruk[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Agata Czarnowska[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Marcin Sadowski[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Agnieszka Strzelecka[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Peter A Galie[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Paul A Janmey[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Alina Kułakowska[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Robert Bucki[SUP] 7 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 36810757
- DOI: 10.5603/PJNNS.a2023.0014
Abstract
The typical manifestation of coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) infection is a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) accompanied by pneumonia (COVID-19). However, SARS-CoV-2 can also affect t he b rain, c ausing c hronic n eurological s ymptoms, variously known as long, post, post-acute, or persistent COVID-19 condition, and affecting up to 40% of patients. The symptoms (fatigue, dizziness, headache, sleep disorders, malaise, disturbances of memory and mood) usually are mild and resolve spontaneously. However, some patients develop acute and fatal complications, including stroke or encephalopathy. Damage to the brain vessels mediated by the coronavirus spike protein (S-protein) and overactive immune responses have been identified as leading causes of this condition. However, the molecular mechanism by which the virus affects the brain still needs to be fully delineated. In this review article, we focus on interactions between host molecules and S-protein as the mechanism allowing the transit of SARS-CoV-2 through the blood-brain barrier to reach the brain structures. In addition, we discuss the impact of S-protein mutations and the involvement of other cellular factors conditioning the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we review current and future COVID-19 treatment options.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; blood-brain barrier; cytokine storm; encephalopathy; neuroinflammation; spike protein; stroke.