tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Ocean Coast Manag
. 2022 Feb 15;217:105995.
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105995. Epub 2021 Dec 20.
Legal issues and challenges in addressing the coronavirus outbreak on large cruise ships: A critical examination of port state measures
Siqi Sun[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Lijun Liz Zhao[SUP] 2 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
International cruises have drawn worldwide attention since the outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19). This article first examines the legal issues, challenges and impact of the pandemic on large cruise ships, like the Diamond Princess, and then probes into corresponding pandemic preventive measures which port states employ. A State is obliged under the International Health Regulations 2005 (IHR) to grant foreign cruise ships free pratique, but there is an exception when public health emergencies of international concern occur. Therefore, this article argues that a port state is not obliged to allow foreign cruise ships to dock at its port at the cost of its domestic public health safety. Regarding the Diamond Princess, the Japanese government has undertaken pandemic preventive measures upon passengers on board the ship and complied with its domestic laws, including the Japanese Quarantine Act. This article further evaluates whether a port state's pandemic preventive measures concerning cruise ships are appropriate from the perspective of law. More importantly, it is necessary to consider the characteristics and specialities of international cruise ships to improve future pandemic preventive measures against large passenger ships and cruise passengers.
Keywords: COVID-19; Diamond princess; Free pratique; IHR, The International Health Regulations (2005); International cruise; International health regulations 2005; Pandemic; Public health emergency measures; The UN Convention on law of the sea; UNCLOS, The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982).
. 2022 Feb 15;217:105995.
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105995. Epub 2021 Dec 20.
Legal issues and challenges in addressing the coronavirus outbreak on large cruise ships: A critical examination of port state measures
Siqi Sun[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Lijun Liz Zhao[SUP] 2 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 34955616
- PMCID: PMC8686689
- DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105995
Abstract
International cruises have drawn worldwide attention since the outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19). This article first examines the legal issues, challenges and impact of the pandemic on large cruise ships, like the Diamond Princess, and then probes into corresponding pandemic preventive measures which port states employ. A State is obliged under the International Health Regulations 2005 (IHR) to grant foreign cruise ships free pratique, but there is an exception when public health emergencies of international concern occur. Therefore, this article argues that a port state is not obliged to allow foreign cruise ships to dock at its port at the cost of its domestic public health safety. Regarding the Diamond Princess, the Japanese government has undertaken pandemic preventive measures upon passengers on board the ship and complied with its domestic laws, including the Japanese Quarantine Act. This article further evaluates whether a port state's pandemic preventive measures concerning cruise ships are appropriate from the perspective of law. More importantly, it is necessary to consider the characteristics and specialities of international cruise ships to improve future pandemic preventive measures against large passenger ships and cruise passengers.
Keywords: COVID-19; Diamond princess; Free pratique; IHR, The International Health Regulations (2005); International cruise; International health regulations 2005; Pandemic; Public health emergency measures; The UN Convention on law of the sea; UNCLOS, The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982).