tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
One Health
. 2025 Dec 10:22:101292.
doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101292. eCollection 2026 Jun. An overview of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b and its emerging threat in mainland Australia: Identified knowledge gaps
Pan Zhang[SUP] 1 [/SUP], C Raina MacIntyre[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus, particularly clade 2.3.4.4b, is currently causing a panzootic. The threat of its incursion into mainland Australia is escalating, especially following its detection in Antarctica and recently on Australia's sub-Antarctic territory, Heard Island. Comprehensive research on this emerging risk remains limited, partly due to ongoing rapid genomic mutations and evolving epidemiological dynamics. This review provides an in-depth analysis of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 and highlights critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed to mitigate the potential threat to mainland Australia.
Keywords: Antarctica; Australia; Avian influenza; Clade 2.3.4.4b; H5N1; HPAI; Heard Island; Incursion risk.
. 2025 Dec 10:22:101292.
doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101292. eCollection 2026 Jun. An overview of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b and its emerging threat in mainland Australia: Identified knowledge gaps
Pan Zhang[SUP] 1 [/SUP], C Raina MacIntyre[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 41531463
- PMCID: PMC12794065
- DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101292
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus, particularly clade 2.3.4.4b, is currently causing a panzootic. The threat of its incursion into mainland Australia is escalating, especially following its detection in Antarctica and recently on Australia's sub-Antarctic territory, Heard Island. Comprehensive research on this emerging risk remains limited, partly due to ongoing rapid genomic mutations and evolving epidemiological dynamics. This review provides an in-depth analysis of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 and highlights critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed to mitigate the potential threat to mainland Australia.
Keywords: Antarctica; Australia; Avian influenza; Clade 2.3.4.4b; H5N1; HPAI; Heard Island; Incursion risk.