Respiratory failure presenting in H1N1 influenza with Legionnaires disease: two case reports

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Introduction
Media sensationalism on the H1N1 outbreak may have influenced decisional processes and clinical diagnosis.Case Presentation: We report two clinical cases who presented in 2009 with coexisting H1N1 virus and Legionella infections: a 69-year-old Caucasian man and a 71-year-old Caucasian woman. In our cases all the signs and symptoms, including vomiting, progressive respiratory disease leading to respiratory failure, refractory hypoxemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated levels of creatine kinase and hepatic aminotransferases, were consistent with critical illness due to 2009 H1N1 virus infection.

Other infectious disorders may mimic H1N1 viral infection especially Legionnaires'disease. Because the swine flu H1N1 pandemic occurred in Autumn in Italy, Legionnaires disease was to be highly suspected since the peak incidence usually occurs in early fall.

We do think that our immediate suspicion of Legionella infection based on clinical history and X-ray abnormalities was fundamental for a successful resolution.

Conclusion: Our two case reports suggest that patients with H1N1 should be screened for Legionella, which is not currently common practice. This is particularly important since the signs and symptoms of both infections are similar but aspecific.

Author: Michele IannuzziEdoardo De RobertisOrnella PiazzaFabio RispoliGiuseppe ServilloRosalba Tufano
Credits/Source: Journal of Medical Case Reports 2011, 5:520

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Re: Respiratory failure presenting in H1N1 influenza with Legionnaires disease: two case reports

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Clin Infect Dis. (2010) 51 (1): 115. doi: 10.1086/653444

Caterina Rizzo,
Maria Grazia Caporali, and
Maria Cristina Rota

Reprints or correspondence: Dr Caterina Rizzo, National Center for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy (caterina.rizzo@iss.it).



Pandemic Influenza and Pneumonia Due to Legionella pneumophila: A Frequently Underestimated Coinfection

To the Editor—Secondary bacterial pneumonia is recognized as one of the most common causes of death in influenza cases. Coinfection has been found in ∼30% of all influenza cases in persons with seasonal influenza, and the pathogens most often involved are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenza [1, 2]. However, the role of bacterial coinfection in complicating pandemic flu is not well described, because of the scarcity of data.

From July 2009 through February 2010 in Italy, 2500 confirmed cases of pandemic influenza and 4.5 million cases of influenza-like illnesses were reported to the sentinel surveillance system. Of the confirmed cases of pandemic influenza, 1278 (∼50%) were hospitalized. Of the patients hospitalized, 271 (21%) presented with pneumonia, which was attributed to bacterial coinfection in 33 cases.

Of the 33 cases with pneumonia due to bacterial coinfection, 6 (18%) were caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, and both the national legionellosis and the Italian mandatory 2009 A(H1N1) virus surveillance systems [3] were notified. The 2009 A(H1N1) virus reporting system is Web-based and was established in July 2009, whereas the national legionellosis surveillance system was established in 1983. Both systems include information about symptoms and risk factors, such as chronic illness, previous hospitalization, and travel.

The 6 legionellosis cases (5 confirmed and 1 presumptive) were reported from the end of August to the beginning of November. These patients were aged 25–70 years, with a median age of 53 years and a male-to-female ratio of 5:1. All 6 patients were hospitalized with a clinical picture of pneumonia, and 2 required intensive care unit admission. In the first case, reported in August, the patient developed symptoms after returning from a 1-week travel abroad. All case patients were tested for 2009 A(H1N1) virus (by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test) and for Legionella (by urinary antigen test). Five patients had positive results for both assays, whereas 1 had positive results for 2009 A(H1N1) virus and Legionella serology (single titer) and therefore was classified as a presumptive case. Only 2 patients reported an underlying condition (diabetes), and all 6 patients fully recovered.

With prompt identification of the bacterial etiology of pneumonia, appropriate treatment can be started with both antibacterial therapy and antiviral medications. Therefore, the length of hospital stay and the mortality of both pandemic and seasonal influenza can be reduced.

The emergence of the new virus strain 2009 A(H1N1) has been a unique opportunity to investigate the etiology of bacterial coinfection during a pandemic. The cases described in this report do not derive from a systematic ascertainment of all pneumonia cases associated with pandemic influenza, and the number might be underestimated, because the decision to perform etiological diagnosis rests with the individual physician. However, 6 legionellosis cases in a total of 33 bacterial coinfections may indicate that Legionella is involved more often than expected. In addition, our findings highlight that crosslinkage of different surveillance systems can be a useful method to quantify and to describe pneumonia cases related to influenza.

http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/51/1/115.1.full