tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Sci Rep
. 2024 Nov 19;14(1):28617.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75920-1. Altered leukocyte pattern and inflammatory markers in unvaccinated long covid patients: a cross-sectional study
Elem Cristina Rodrigues Chaves[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maria Helena Cruz Rodrigues[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Daniel Carvalho de Menezes[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Igor Costa de Lima[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Vanessa Costa Alves Galúcio[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Igor Brasil-Costa[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Maria Clara Barros[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Ândrea Ribeiro-Dos-Santos[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 4 [/SUP], Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 1 7 [/SUP], Patrícia Danielle Lima de Lima[SUP] 8 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Long Covid results from the damage caused by SARS-CoV-2, involving the release of cytokines and the continuous activation of immune cells. This cross-sectional study investigates leukocyte and cytokine profiles in Long Covid patients in the Amazon, a region where such studies are limited. Blood samples were analysed for differential leukocyte counts and cytokine levels. We suggest elevated lymphocyte counts in hospitalised patients and those with severe COVID-19. Higher eosinophil counts were observed in patients with up to three months of Long Covid, and increased monocyte counts in those with up to six months. IL-2 levels were higher in patients with fewer symptoms and Long Covid duration of more than three months, whereas IL-10 may remain elevated for up to 12 months. We suggest positive correlations between neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes with different cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-4, IL-17a, IL-2). Women were associated with lower hospitalisation rates and longer durations of Long Covid; increased lymphocyte counts were linked to hospitalisation due to COVID-19, while higher monocyte counts were associated with Long Covid durations of up to six months. We suggest that Long Covid patients may exhibit alterations in inflammatory markers, indicating a persistently pro-inflammatory microenvironment that tends to diminish after 12 months of Long Covid.
Keywords: Cytokines; Leukocyte count; Long covid.
. 2024 Nov 19;14(1):28617.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75920-1. Altered leukocyte pattern and inflammatory markers in unvaccinated long covid patients: a cross-sectional study
Elem Cristina Rodrigues Chaves[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maria Helena Cruz Rodrigues[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Daniel Carvalho de Menezes[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Igor Costa de Lima[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Vanessa Costa Alves Galúcio[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Igor Brasil-Costa[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Maria Clara Barros[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Ândrea Ribeiro-Dos-Santos[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 4 [/SUP], Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 1 7 [/SUP], Patrícia Danielle Lima de Lima[SUP] 8 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 39562810
- PMCID: PMC11577114
- DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-75920-1
Long Covid results from the damage caused by SARS-CoV-2, involving the release of cytokines and the continuous activation of immune cells. This cross-sectional study investigates leukocyte and cytokine profiles in Long Covid patients in the Amazon, a region where such studies are limited. Blood samples were analysed for differential leukocyte counts and cytokine levels. We suggest elevated lymphocyte counts in hospitalised patients and those with severe COVID-19. Higher eosinophil counts were observed in patients with up to three months of Long Covid, and increased monocyte counts in those with up to six months. IL-2 levels were higher in patients with fewer symptoms and Long Covid duration of more than three months, whereas IL-10 may remain elevated for up to 12 months. We suggest positive correlations between neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes with different cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-4, IL-17a, IL-2). Women were associated with lower hospitalisation rates and longer durations of Long Covid; increased lymphocyte counts were linked to hospitalisation due to COVID-19, while higher monocyte counts were associated with Long Covid durations of up to six months. We suggest that Long Covid patients may exhibit alterations in inflammatory markers, indicating a persistently pro-inflammatory microenvironment that tends to diminish after 12 months of Long Covid.
Keywords: Cytokines; Leukocyte count; Long covid.