Giuseppe
Emeritus
[Source: The Lancet, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]
The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 12 September 2013
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61612-8
Copyright ? 2013 Daugla et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PsA?TT) on serogroup A meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Chad: a community trial
Original Text
DM Daugla MD a, JP Gami MSc a, K Gamougam TSL a, N Naibei MSc a, L Mbainadji PhD a, M Narb? TSL a, J Toralta MD a, B Kodbesse MD a, C Ngadoua TSSP b, ME Coldiron MD c, F Fermon DIU c, A-L Page PhD c, MH Djingarey MD d, S Hugonnet MD e, OB Harrison PhD f, LS Rebbetts MSc f, Y Tekletsion MSc f, ER Watkins BA f, D Hill BA f, DA Caugant PhD g, D Chandramohan PhD i, M Hassan-King PhD i, O Manigart PhD i, M Nascimento PhD i, A Woukeu PhD i, C Trotter PhD h, JM Stuart FFPH i, MCJ Maiden PhD f, Prof BM Greenwood MD i
Summary
Background
A serogroup A meningococcal polysaccharide?tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (PsA?TT, MenAfriVac) was licensed in India in 2009, and pre-qualified by WHO in 2010, on the basis of its safety and immunogenicity. This vaccine is now being deployed across the African meningitis belt. We studied the effect of PsA?TT on meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Chad during a serogroup A meningococcal meningitis epidemic.
Methods
We obtained data for the incidence of meningitis before and after vaccination from national records between January, 2009, and June, 2012. In 2012, surveillance was enhanced in regions where vaccination with PsA?TT had been undertaken in 2011, and in one district where a reactive vaccination campaign in response to an outbreak of meningitis was undertaken. Meningococcal carriage was studied in an age-stratified sample of residents aged 1?29 years of a rural area roughly 13?15 and 2?4 months before and 4?6 months after vaccination. Meningococci obtained from cerebrospinal fluid or oropharyngeal swabs were characterised by conventional microbiological and molecular methods.
Findings
Roughly 1?8 million individuals aged 1?29 years received one dose of PsA?TT during a vaccination campaign in three regions of Chad in and around the capital N'Djamena during 10 days in December, 2011. The incidence of meningitis during the 2012 meningitis season in these three regions was 2?48 per 100 000 (57 cases in the 2?3 million population), whereas in regions without mass vaccination, incidence was 43?8 per 100 000 (3809 cases per 8?7 million population), a 94% difference in crude incidence (p<0?0001), and an incidence rate ratio of 0?096 (95% CI 0?046?0?198). Despite enhanced surveillance, no case of serogroup A meningococcal meningitis was reported in the three vaccinated regions. 32 serogroup A carriers were identified in 4278 age-stratified individuals (0?75%) living in a rural area near the capital 2?4 months before vaccination, whereas only one serogroup A meningococcus was isolated in 5001 people living in the same community 4?6 months after vaccination (adjusted odds ratio 0?019, 95% CI 0?002?0?138; p<0?0001).
Interpretation
PSA?TT was highly effective at prevention of serogroup A invasive meningococcal disease and carriage in Chad. How long this protection will persist needs to be established.
Funding
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and M?decins Sans Front?res.
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a Centre de Support en Sant? International (CSSI), N'Djamena, Chad; b Ministry of Public Health, N'Djamena, Chad; c Epicentre, M?decins sans Front?res, Paris, France; d WHO Intercountry Support Team, Ougadougou, Burkina Faso; e Department of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; f Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; g Norwegian Institute for Public Health, Oslo, Norway; h Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; i Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Correspondence to: Prof Brian Greenwood, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 12 September 2013
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61612-8
Copyright ? 2013 Daugla et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PsA?TT) on serogroup A meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Chad: a community trial
Original Text
DM Daugla MD a, JP Gami MSc a, K Gamougam TSL a, N Naibei MSc a, L Mbainadji PhD a, M Narb? TSL a, J Toralta MD a, B Kodbesse MD a, C Ngadoua TSSP b, ME Coldiron MD c, F Fermon DIU c, A-L Page PhD c, MH Djingarey MD d, S Hugonnet MD e, OB Harrison PhD f, LS Rebbetts MSc f, Y Tekletsion MSc f, ER Watkins BA f, D Hill BA f, DA Caugant PhD g, D Chandramohan PhD i, M Hassan-King PhD i, O Manigart PhD i, M Nascimento PhD i, A Woukeu PhD i, C Trotter PhD h, JM Stuart FFPH i, MCJ Maiden PhD f, Prof BM Greenwood MD i
Summary
Background
A serogroup A meningococcal polysaccharide?tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (PsA?TT, MenAfriVac) was licensed in India in 2009, and pre-qualified by WHO in 2010, on the basis of its safety and immunogenicity. This vaccine is now being deployed across the African meningitis belt. We studied the effect of PsA?TT on meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Chad during a serogroup A meningococcal meningitis epidemic.
Methods
We obtained data for the incidence of meningitis before and after vaccination from national records between January, 2009, and June, 2012. In 2012, surveillance was enhanced in regions where vaccination with PsA?TT had been undertaken in 2011, and in one district where a reactive vaccination campaign in response to an outbreak of meningitis was undertaken. Meningococcal carriage was studied in an age-stratified sample of residents aged 1?29 years of a rural area roughly 13?15 and 2?4 months before and 4?6 months after vaccination. Meningococci obtained from cerebrospinal fluid or oropharyngeal swabs were characterised by conventional microbiological and molecular methods.
Findings
Roughly 1?8 million individuals aged 1?29 years received one dose of PsA?TT during a vaccination campaign in three regions of Chad in and around the capital N'Djamena during 10 days in December, 2011. The incidence of meningitis during the 2012 meningitis season in these three regions was 2?48 per 100 000 (57 cases in the 2?3 million population), whereas in regions without mass vaccination, incidence was 43?8 per 100 000 (3809 cases per 8?7 million population), a 94% difference in crude incidence (p<0?0001), and an incidence rate ratio of 0?096 (95% CI 0?046?0?198). Despite enhanced surveillance, no case of serogroup A meningococcal meningitis was reported in the three vaccinated regions. 32 serogroup A carriers were identified in 4278 age-stratified individuals (0?75%) living in a rural area near the capital 2?4 months before vaccination, whereas only one serogroup A meningococcus was isolated in 5001 people living in the same community 4?6 months after vaccination (adjusted odds ratio 0?019, 95% CI 0?002?0?138; p<0?0001).
Interpretation
PSA?TT was highly effective at prevention of serogroup A invasive meningococcal disease and carriage in Chad. How long this protection will persist needs to be established.
Funding
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and M?decins Sans Front?res.
________
a Centre de Support en Sant? International (CSSI), N'Djamena, Chad; b Ministry of Public Health, N'Djamena, Chad; c Epicentre, M?decins sans Front?res, Paris, France; d WHO Intercountry Support Team, Ougadougou, Burkina Faso; e Department of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; f Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; g Norwegian Institute for Public Health, Oslo, Norway; h Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; i Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Correspondence to: Prof Brian Greenwood, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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