tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Viruses
. 2024 Aug 29;16(9):1376.
doi: 10.3390/v16091376. Detection and Monitoring of Highly Pathogenic Influenza A Virus 2.3.4.4b Outbreak in Dairy Cattle in the United States
Luis G Giménez-Lirola[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Brooklyn Cauwels[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ronaldo Magtoto[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Jesús Hernández[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Maritza Cordero-Ortiz[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Rahul K Nelli[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Patrick J Gorden[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Drew R Magstadt[SUP] 1 [/SUP], David H Baum[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
The emergence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A subtype H5N1 (HP H5N1-IAV), particularly clade H5N1 2.3.4.4b, pose a severe global health threat, affecting various species, including mammals. Historically, cattle have been considered less susceptible to IAV, but recent outbreaks of H5N1-IAV 2.3.4.4b in dairy farms suggest a shift in host tropism, underscoring the urgency of expanded surveillance and the need for adaptable diagnostic tools in outbreak management. This study investigated the presence of anti-nucleoprotein (NP) antibodies in serum and milk and viral RNA in milk on dairy farms affected by outbreaks in Texas, Kansas, and Michigan using a multi-species IAV ELISA and RT-qPCR. The analysis of ELISA results from a Michigan dairy farm outbreak demonstrated a positive correlation between paired serum and milk sample results, confirming the reliability of both specimen types. Our findings also revealed high diagnostic performance during the convalescent phase (up to 96%), further improving sensitivity through serial sampling. Additionally, the evaluation of diagnostic specificity using serum and milk samples from IAV-free farms showed an excellent performance (99.6%). This study underscores the efficacy of the IAV NP-blocking ELISA for detecting and monitoring H5N1-IAV 2.3.4.4b circulation in dairy farms, whose recent emergence raises significant animal welfare and zoonotic concerns, necessitating expanded surveillance efforts.
Keywords: H5N1 2.3.4.4b; acute phase; blocking ELISA; convalescent phase; dairy cattle; diagnostic performance; highly pathogenic influenza A virus; outbreak; seroconversion.
. 2024 Aug 29;16(9):1376.
doi: 10.3390/v16091376. Detection and Monitoring of Highly Pathogenic Influenza A Virus 2.3.4.4b Outbreak in Dairy Cattle in the United States
Luis G Giménez-Lirola[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Brooklyn Cauwels[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ronaldo Magtoto[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Jesús Hernández[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Maritza Cordero-Ortiz[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Rahul K Nelli[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Patrick J Gorden[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Drew R Magstadt[SUP] 1 [/SUP], David H Baum[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 39339851
- PMCID: PMC11436252
- DOI: 10.3390/v16091376
The emergence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A subtype H5N1 (HP H5N1-IAV), particularly clade H5N1 2.3.4.4b, pose a severe global health threat, affecting various species, including mammals. Historically, cattle have been considered less susceptible to IAV, but recent outbreaks of H5N1-IAV 2.3.4.4b in dairy farms suggest a shift in host tropism, underscoring the urgency of expanded surveillance and the need for adaptable diagnostic tools in outbreak management. This study investigated the presence of anti-nucleoprotein (NP) antibodies in serum and milk and viral RNA in milk on dairy farms affected by outbreaks in Texas, Kansas, and Michigan using a multi-species IAV ELISA and RT-qPCR. The analysis of ELISA results from a Michigan dairy farm outbreak demonstrated a positive correlation between paired serum and milk sample results, confirming the reliability of both specimen types. Our findings also revealed high diagnostic performance during the convalescent phase (up to 96%), further improving sensitivity through serial sampling. Additionally, the evaluation of diagnostic specificity using serum and milk samples from IAV-free farms showed an excellent performance (99.6%). This study underscores the efficacy of the IAV NP-blocking ELISA for detecting and monitoring H5N1-IAV 2.3.4.4b circulation in dairy farms, whose recent emergence raises significant animal welfare and zoonotic concerns, necessitating expanded surveillance efforts.
Keywords: H5N1 2.3.4.4b; acute phase; blocking ELISA; convalescent phase; dairy cattle; diagnostic performance; highly pathogenic influenza A virus; outbreak; seroconversion.